Methods for diagnosing, preventing, and treating developmental disorders due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses a novel method for identifying an individual who may be susceptible to develop a developmental disorder. In one particular example, an individual is identified who is genetically susceptible to becoming schizophrenic. In addition, the present invention discloses a novel method for identifying individuals who are genetically susceptible to have offspring with a developmental disorder. Methods of diagnosing, preventing and treating developmental disorders such as schizophrenia are also provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to novel methods of diagnosing, preventing, and treating specific diseases which are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One such disease exemplified is schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The term “schizophrenia” was introduced by Bleuler in the beginning of this century to encompass a dissociation or disruption of thought processes, along with a dichotomy among thought, emotion, and behavior [Bleuler, Translation J. Zinkin, New York: International University Press (1950)]. The current definition of schizophrenia includes a break with reality that is usually manifested as hallucinations, delusions, or disruption in thought processes [Carpenter et al., Medical Progress, 330:681-690 (1994)]. At present the nationally accepted definition for the diagnosis of schizophrenia is contained in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Washington, D.C (1994): American Psychiatric Association, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Schizophrenia is a clinical syndrome that has a profound influence on public health. The symptoms for schizophrenia begin early in life, and continues for most patients throughout their lives. An estimate of the direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia was thirty-three billion dollars for 1990 in the United States alone [Carpenter et al., 1994, supra]. Indeed, one of every forty dollars spent for total heath care expenditures in the United States is spent on treating schizophrenia [Rupp et al., Psychiatric Clin. North Am., 16:413-423 (1993)]. Furthermore, estimates have been made suggesting that up to 50% of the homeless American population is schizophrenic [Bachrach, In: Treating the Homeless Mentally Ill, Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Press, 13-40, Lamb et al. ed. (1992)].

The genetic factors in schizophrenia, though clearly documented to be present, are not simple [Carpenter and Buchanan, N. Engi. J. Med., 330:681-689 (1994); Gottesman, Clin. Genet., 46:116-123 (1994)]. Schizophrenia is, at least in part, a neurodevelopmental disorder, a birth defect in which the brain has been subtly damaged during development [Carpenter and Buchanan, N. Engl. J. Med., 330:681-689 (1994); Weinberger, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 44:660-669 (1987); Brixey et al., J. Clin. Psychol., 49:447-456 (1993)]. Evidence of this damage is seen both at autopsy [Kovelman and Scheibel, Biol. Psychiatry, 19:1601-1621 (1984); Bogerts et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 42:784-791 (1985); Jakob and Beckman, J. Neural Transm., 65:303-326 (1986); Brown et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 43:36-42 (1986); Benes and Bird, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:608-616 (1987); Colter et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 44:1023 (1987); Altshuler et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 47:1029-1034 (1990); Pakkenberg, Schizophr. Res., 7:95-100 (1992); Bogerts, Schizophr. Bull., 19:431-445 (1993); Shapiro, Schizophr. Res., 10:187-239 (1993)] and by neuroimaging [Jeste et al., Br. J. Psychiatry, 153:444-459 (1988); Suddath et al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 146:464-472 (1989); Suddath et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 322:789-794 (1990); DeLisi et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 29:159-175 (1991); Breier et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49:921-926 (1992); O'Callaghan et al., J. R. Soc. Med., 85:227-231 (1992); Bogerts et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 33:236-246 (1993); Andreasen et al., Science, 266:294-298 (1994)]. The pattern of this brain damage and the presence of minor congenital abnormalities point to an insult occurring during the second trimester of fetal development [Bracha et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 30:719-725 (1991); Bracha et al., Am. J. Psychiatry, 149:1355-1361 (1992); Green et al., Psychiatry Res., 53:119-127 (1994)]. Epidemiological studies have documented a season-of-birth effect by which schizophrenics are more frequently born during winter and early spring than during other seasons [Boyd et al., Schizophr. Bull., 12:173-186 (1986); Kendell and Adams, Br. J. Psychiatry, 158:758-763 (1991); O'Callaghan et al., Br. J. Psychiatry, 158:764-769 (1991)].

Also, individuals exposed to an influenza epidemic [Mednick et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 45:189-192 (1988); Barr et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 47:869-874 (1990); O'Callaghan et al., Lancet., 337:1248-1250 (1991); Murray et al., J. Psychiatr. Res., 26:225-235 (1992); Adams et al., Br. J. Psychiatry, 163:522-534 (1993)] or famine [Susser and Lin, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49:983-988 (1992)] during their second trimester of fetal development have increased risk of later developing schizophrenia, according to some studies but not others [Kendell, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 46:878-882 (1989); Crow and Done, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:390-393 (1992)]. This has suggested that an environmental effect such as dietary deficiency, virus infection [Kirch, Schizophr. Bull., 19:355-370 (1993)], vitamin deficiency, or effect of cold weather may be acting during fetal development.

Linkage mapping studies in schizophrenia have been difficult. Recently, some studies [Straub et al., Nature Genet., 11:287-293 (1995); Schwab et al., Nature Genet., 11:325-327 (1995); Moises et al., Nature Genet., 11:321-324 (1995)] have supported a gene locus on chromosome 6 (6p24-22, near the HLA region) as having an effect in schizophrenia; other studies gave little or no support to a marker in this region [Wang et al., Nature Genet., 10:41-46 (1995); Mowry et al., Nature Genet., 11:233-234 (1995); Gurling et al., Nature Genet., 11:234-235 (1995); Antonarakis et al., Nature Genet., 11:235-236 (1995)]. At best this locus appeared to be involved in only about 15-30% of families [Straub et al., 1995, supra]. Also, some evidence for loci on chromosomes 3 [Pulver et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 60:252-260 (1995), 8 [Pulver et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 60:252-260 (1995); Kendler et al., Am. J. Psych. 153:1534-1540 (1996), 9 [Coon et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 34:277-289 (1993); Moises et al., Nature Genet., 11:321-324 (1995)] and 22 [Coon et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 54:72-79 (1994); Pulver et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 54:3-43 (1994)]have been reported. In addition, two polymorphic markers very close to the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) on chromosome 5q, D5576 and D5S39, gave very high lod scores (as high as 6.49, i.e. odds of about 3 million to one in favor of genetic linkage versus chance occurrence) in 7 British and Icelandic schizophrenia families studied [Schwab et al., Nat. Genet. 11:325-327 (1997); Straub et al., Molec Psychiatr. 2:148-155 (1997)]. However, this result could not be confirmed in studies of numerous other families.

There could be several reasons for this difficulty. First, there may be more than one gene involved, (locus heterogeneity). Second, the genetic factor(s) may be common in the population (high disease allele frequency), thus diminishing the power of linkage studies [Terwilliger and Ott, Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 181 (1994)]. Third, the correct genetic model may be unknown [Owen, Psychol. Med., 22:289-293 (1992)]. Any or all of these factors could diminish the power of a linkage study sufficiently to make success very difficult [Terwilliger and Ott, 1994, supra].

Thus the current (developmental) model for schizophrenia is that genetic and environmental factors cause brain damage in a fetus that later develops schizophrenia. However, the genetic and environmental factors have not been identified. Also, extensive linkage and association studies have failed to identify genes determining schizophrenia.

Indeed, schizophrenia appears to be just one of a family of developmental disorders whose cause has not been identified. Other such developmental disorders are defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Washington, D.C (1994) and include: Tourette Syndrome which is identical to Tourette's Disorder and is a subcategory of Tic Disorders; Bipolar Disorder which is identical with Bipolar I Disorder or Bipolar II disorder; Autism which is identical with Autistic Disorder which is a subcategory of Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Conduct disorder which is a subcategory of Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders; Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder which is identical to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder NOS (not otherwise specified) which is also a subcategory of Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder which is a subtype of Anxiety Disorders; Chronic

Multiple Tics Syndrome which is identical to Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder which is a subtype of Tic Disorders; and Learning Disorders.

In addition Spina bifida is a developmental disorder. Spina bifida is a form of neural tube defect in which neural elements (spinal nerves or spinal chord) or coverings of the brain and spinal chord (dura mater, arachnoid mater) herniate through a midline defect into a cystic cavity covered completely or partially by skin.

Therefore, there is a need for new methods of diagnosing individuals susceptible to developing a developmental disorder. In addition, there is a need for methods of identifying individuals susceptible to having offspring that develop a developmental disorder. Finally, there is a need for a method of treating such susceptible individuals in order to prevent and/or ameliorate the symptoms due to and/or associated with the developmental disorder.

The citations of any reference herein should not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as “Prior Art” to the instant application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods of diagnosing, preventing and/or treating specific developmental disorders. Towards this end the present invention provides methods of identifying an individual as being genetically or environmentally susceptible for developing or having a developmental disorder or for having offspring that develop the developmental disorder. Such a developmental disorder can be schizophrenia, spina bifida cystica, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar illness, autism, conduct disorders, attention deficit disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, chronic multiple tic syndrome and learing disorders such as dyslexia. In addition, any of the methods provided herein for identifying an individual as being genetically and/or environmentally susceptible for having or developing a developmental disorder or for having offspring that develop the developmental disorder can also be used in diagnosing the individual, preferably in conjunction with a clinical diagnosis.

Therefore, the present invention provides methods of identifying an individual as being genetically susceptible for having or developing a developmental disorder. The present invention further provides methods of identifying an individual as being genetically susceptible for having offspring that are susceptible for developing a developmental disorder. Methods of identifying an individual as being susceptible due to environmental factors for having or developing a developmental disorder are also provided. In addition, the present invention provides methods of identifying an individual as being susceptible of having offspring that are susceptible for developing a developmental disorder. The present invention also provides methods of identifying an individual as being susceptible for having or developing a developmental disorder due to both environmental and genetic factors. The present invention further provides methods of identifying an individual as being susceptible for having offspring that are susceptible for developing a developmental disorder

The present invention therefore provides methods for compiling genetic reference datasets, environmental reference datasets and/or genetic and environmental reference datasets for use in determining a predicted probability for an individual of having a susceptibility for having or developing a developmental disorder, or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder.

In one aspect of the invention, the present invention provides methods that comprise generating a genetic reference dataset for use in determining the predicted probability of an individual for having a susceptibility for having or developing a developmental disorder due to genetic factors, or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder due to genetic factors.

One such embodiment comprises collecting a biological sample from a human subject. The human subject can be a diagnostic proband, a blood relative of the diagnostic proband, an affected proband, a blood relative of the affected proband, a control proband, and/or a blood relative of the control proband. The biological sample contains nucleic acids and/or proteins from the human subject. The nucleic acids and/or proteins from the biological sample are then analyzed resulting in a partial or full genotype for the alleles of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, and/or cobalamin metabolisim The partial or full genotype then forms a dataset of genetic explanatory variables for the human subject. The dataset of genetic explanatory variables is then compiled from multiple human subjects into a genetic reference dataset. Such compilations are exemplified in the Detailed Description and Examples below.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method that comprises generating a genetic and environmental reference dataset for use in determining the predicted probability of an individual for having a susceptibility for having or developing a developmental disorder due to genetic factors and environmental factors, or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder due to genetic factors and environmental factors. One such embodiment comprises obtaining dietary and epidemiological information for environmental explanatory variables for the human subjects and combining the environmental explanatory variables with a genetic reference dataset for the human subjects as described above.

In another aspect, the present invention provides an environmental reference dataset for use in the determination of the predicted probability for an individual for having a susceptibility for having or developing a developmental disorder due to environmental factors, or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder due to environmental factors One such embodiment comprises obtaining dietary and epidemiological infornation for environmental explanatory variables for a human subject. The human subject can be a diagnostic proband, a blood relative of the diagnostic proband, an affected proband, a blood relative of the affected proband, a control proband, or a blood relative of the control proband. The dataset of environmental explanatory variables is then compiled from multiple human subjects into an environmental reference dataset for the human subjects.

The developmental disorder forming the basis of the reference datasets of the present invention can be schizophrenia, or spina bifida cystica, or Tourette's syndrome, or dyslexia, or conduct disorder, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or bipolar illness, or autism, or chronic multiple tic syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder, or like disorders. A blood relative is preferably the mother of the individual, a sibling, the father or a grandparent of the individual. When the reference dataset is for use in the determination of the predicted probability for an individual of having a susceptibility for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder, the individual is preferably a pregnant woman. The reference datasets of the present invention are themselves part of the present invention.

The present invention further provides methods of estimating the genetic susceptibility of an individual to have or to develop a developmental disorder, or to have offspring that develop a developmental disorder. In one such embodiment the method comprises collecting a biological sample from a participant (or participants) who is either the individual or a blood relative of the individual. The biological sample contains nucleic acids and/or proteins of the participant. The analysis of the nucleic acids and/or proteins from the biological sample yield a partial or fall genotype for the alleles of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, and/or cobalamin metabolism. The partial or full genotype forms a dataset of genetic explanatory variables for the participants. The dataset of genetic explanatory variables obtained are added to a genetic reference dataset forming a combined genetic dataset. A model is then formulated comprising the genetic explanatory variables obtained from the participants and the combined genetic dataset is analyzed. A predicted probability for the individual for having and/or developing a developmental disorder and/or having offspring that develop a developmental disorder is then determined. The genetic susceptibility of an individual to have or to develop a developmental disorder and/or have offspring that develop a developmental disorder is estimated. In a preferred embodiment, analyzing the combined genetic dataset is performed by binary linear regression. In a more preferred embodiment, the binary linear regression is performed with the SAS system In another preferred embodiment, the model is modified by adding or subtracting one or more genetic explanatory variables and the combined genetic dataset is re-analyzed, preferably by binary logistic regression. In this case a model is chosen that best fits the data. This can be accomplished by testing the model for goodness of fit.

The present invention also provides methods of estimating the genetic and environmental susceptibility of an individual to have or to develop a developmental disorder and/or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder. One such embodiment comprises collecting a biological sample from one or more participants. Again, the participant is either the individual or a blood relative of the individual. The biological sample contains nucleic acids and/or proteins of the participant. The nucleic acids and/or proteins from the biological sample are analyzed resulting in a partial or full genotype for the alleles of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, and/or cobalamin metabolism. The partial or full genotype forms a dataset of genetic explanatory variables for the participant. Dietary and epidemiological information for environmental explanatory variables for the participant(s) are also obtained which are used to form a dataset of environmental explanatory variables for the participant(s). The datasets of genetic explanatory variables and the dataset of environmental explanatory variables are added to a genetic and environmental reference dataset forming a combined genetic and environmental dataset. A model is formulated comprising the genetic and environmental explanatory variables obtained from the participant(s). The combined genetic and environmental dataset is then analyzed and a predicted probability for the individual for having and/or developing a developmental disorder and/or for having offspring that develop a developmental disorder is determined. The genetic and environmental susceptibility of an individual to have or to develop a developmental disorder and/or have offspring that develop a developmental disorder is estimated. In a preferred embodiment, analyzing the combined genetic and environmental dataset is performed by binary linear regression. In a more preferred embodiment the binary linear regression is performed with the SAS system. In another preferred embodiment the model is modified by adding or subtracting one or more genetic and/or environmental explanatory variables and the combined genetic and environmental dataset is re-analyzed preferably, by binary logistic regression. In this case a model is chosen that best fits the data. This can be accomplished by testing the model for goodness of fit.

For any of these methods, the developmental disorder can be schizophrenia, spina bifida cystica, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar illness, autism, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, chronic multiple tic syndrome and learning disorders such as dyslexia.

In a particular embodiment, the individual is suspected of being genetically susceptible of having or for developing the developmental disorder and/or of being genetically susceptible of having offspring that develop the developmental disorder. In a preferred embodiment of this type, the individual is suspected of being genetically susceptible for having or for developing the developmental disorder and/or of being genetically susceptible of having offspring that develop the developmental disorder because a blood relative has the developmental disorder. In one such embodiment the blood relative is a parent, a sibling, or a grandparent. In a preferred embodiment the blood relative is the mother of the individual. In a particular embodiment in which the individual is suspected of being genetically susceptible of having offspring that develop the developmental disorder, the individual is a pregnant woman. In another such embodiment the individual is the mate of the pregnant woman. In a particular embodiment exemplified below, the developmental disorder is schizophrenia.

Since the availability of the data regarding the genetic and environmental explanatory factors can vary in separate determinations, variations in the explanatory factors used is clearly envisioned by the present invention.

The present invention further provides methods of lowering the risk of a pregnant woman to have a child that will develop a developmental disorder. One such embodiment comprises administering methylfolate, cobalamin or pyridoxine to the pregnant woman and/or fetus, which lowers the risk of the pregnant woman to give birth to a child with a developmental disorder. In a particular embodiment of this type, the pregnant woman had been previously determined to be susceptible of having offspring that develop a developmental disorder by a method disclosed herein. The present invention further provides a method of determining if any treatment is advisable for a pregnant woman that is genetically susceptible to having offspring that develop a developmental disorder which comprises determining the concentration of a risk factor from a tissue sample or body fluid from the pregnant woman. When the concentration of the risk factor is statistically above or below an accepted normal range, treatment is advisable.

The present invention further provides methods of determining if any treatment is advisable for a pregnant woman who has been determined to be susceptible to having offspring that develop a developmental disorder. One such embodiment comprises determining the concentration of a risk factor from a tissue sample or body fluid from the pregnant woman. When the concentration of the risk factor is statistically above or below an accepted normal range, treatment is advisable. In a particular embodiment of this type, the pregnant woman had been previously determined to be susceptible of having offspring that develop a developmental disorder by a method disclosed herein.

Methods of monitoring the effect of the administration of methylfolate, cobalamin or pyridoxine to the pregnant woman who has been determined to be susceptible to having offspring that develop a developmental disorder are also included in the present invention. One such embodiment comprises determining the concentration of a risk factor from a tissue sample or body fluid from the pregnant woman. When the concentration of the risk factor is statistically within an accepted normal range, the treatment is deemed effective. In a particular embodiment of this type, the pregnant woman had been previously determined to be susceptible of having offspring that develop a developmental disorder by a method disclosed herein. The risk factor can be any substance and/or metabolite linked to folate and/or cobalamin and/or pyridoxine metabolism. In one embodiment, the risk factor is homocysteine. In yet another embodiment, the risk factor is folate. In still another embodiment, the risk factor is cobalamin.

The present invention also provides a method of treating an asymptomatic individual determined to be susceptible for developing a developmental disorder comprising administering methylfolate, cobalamin and/or pyridoxine. In a particular embodiment of this type, the asymptomatic individual had been previously determined to be susceptible of developing a developmental disorder by a method disclosed herein.

The DNA samples from the persons tested may be obtained from any source including blood, a tissue sample, amniotic fluid, a chorionic villus sampling, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine.

The present invention includes but is not limited to the examples of proteins encoded by genes involved in folate, cobalamin and pyridoxine metabolism compiled in Tables 2-7 in the Detailed Description of the Invention, below. For certain genes nucleic acid and/or amino acid sequence data is also provided. These genes and related sequence data are solely intended as examples of genes that are suitable to be used in the methods described herein. Such sequence data can be used for carrying out the genetic analysis of the present invention. However, the present invention is not intended to be limited in any way to such lists of proteins or the related sequence data.

It is further contemplated by the present invention to provide methods that include the testing for a genetic mutations in individual genes involved in folate and cobalamin metabolism and/or in individual combinations of such genes (e.g., methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and methionine synthase). In addition, all possible combinatorials, and permutations of such genes including a constellation comprising all of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, and cobalamin metabolism is envisioned by the present invention. Alternatively, a constellation of genes in which any one or more genes can be excluded from those tested is also contemplated by the present invention (for example, a given constellation of genes can include genes encoding all of the proteins in Table 2 and 4 except the folate receptor 2-like protein). Thus all of such possible constellations are envisioned by, and are therefore part of the present invention.

The present invention also provides DNA polymorphisms that can be used as genetic explanatory factors in the present invention. One such embodiment is a nucleic acid encoding a genetic variant of human dihydrofolate reductase comprising a nucleotide sequence having a 19 base-pair deletion spanning nucleotides 540 to 558 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42.

The present invention also includes primers. One such embodiment is a PCR primer that can be used to distinguish SEQ ID NO:42 from SEQ ID NO:41. Another embodiment is a PCR primer that can be used to distinguish SEQ ID NO:42 from SEQ ID NO:45. These primers are useful for identifying the 19 base-pair deletion spanning nucleotides 540 to 558 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 (see Example 2). In a particular embodiment, the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41. In another embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO:41. In still another embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. In yet another embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO:42. In still another embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45. In yet another embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the nucleotide sequence of the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 45.

In a particular embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from nucleotides 350 to 530 of SEQ ID NO:41. In a preferred embodiment of this type, the PCR primer has the nucleotide sequence of CTAAACTGCATCGTCGCTGTG (SEQ ID NO:38). In another particular embodiment the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the complementary strand of nucleotides 550 to 850 of SEQ ID NO:41. In preferred embodiment of this type, the PCR primer comprises 8 to 100 and preferably 10 to 50 consecutive nucleotides from the complementary strand of nucleotides 570 to 690 of SEQ ID NO:41. In a particular embodiment, the PCR primer has the nucleotide sequence of AAAAGGGGAATCCAGTCGG (SEQ ID NO:39).

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid that hybridizes under standard hybridization conditions to the nucleotide sequence ACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 40). In another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes under standard hybridization conditions to the nucleotide sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:40. In yet another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes under standard hybridization conditions to the nucleotide sequence ACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCC (SEQ ID NO:46). In yet another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes under standard hybridization conditions to the nucleotide sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO: 46. In a particular embodiment the nucleic acid consists of 9 to 96 nucleotides. In another embodiment the nucleic acid consists of 12 to 48 nucleotides. In still another embodiment the nucleic acid consists of 15 to 36 nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid consists of 17 to 20 nucleotides.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, but not to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In a particular embodiment the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of CCCACGGTCGGGGTACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCCAGGCCGACTCCCGGCGA (SEQ ID NO:29). The present invention further provides a nucleic acid that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the nucteotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In a particular embodiment the nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of CCCACGGTCGGGGTGGCCGACTCCCGGCGA (SEQ ID NO:37).

In a related embodiment the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid that hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In still another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, but not to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In still another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, but not to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions.

The present invention also provides a nucleic acid that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In a related embodiment the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid that hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In still another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, but not to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions. In still another embodiment the nucleic acid hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, but not to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 when the hybridization is performed under identical conditions.

The present invention also provides for the use of the nucleic acids of the present invention (as well as other nucleic acids which can be used to identify DNA polymorphisms in the alleles of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, and/or cobalamin metabolism) in the methods of the present invention for identifying, diagnosing, preventing and/or treating individuals.

In methods of estimating the susceptibility due to genetic or genetic and environmental factors for an individual to have or to develop a developmental disorder or to have offspring that develop a developmental disorder, and for the corresponding methods of generating genetic, or genetic and environmental reference datasets, the present invention provides a step of analyzing nucleic acids and/or proteins from biological samples. In one particular embodiment, the assaying for the presence of the genetic variant of human dihydrofolate reductase having a nucleotide sequence with a 19 base-pair deletion spanning nucleotides 540 to 558 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 is included as part of this analysis. This genetic variant of human dihydrofolate reductase becomes a genetic explanatory variable.

Determining if the biological sample contains the genetic variant of human dihydrofolate reductase having a nucleotide sequence with a 19 base-pair deletion spanning nucleotides 540 to 558 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 can be performed by any appropriate method including PCR, special PCR, RT PCR, RFLP analysis, SSCP, and FISH.

In addition, all of the nucleic acids of the present invention including cDNA or genomic DNA can be placed into expression vectors operably associated with an expression control sequence. Alternatively, when the nucleic acid is part of an expression control sequence, the nucleic acid and/or the expression control sequence can be placed into an expression vector to control the expression of a coding sequence, such as a reporter gene. Such expression vectors can then be placed into either eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells and expressed. The host cells comprising the expression vectors are also part of the present invention. In addition, when the nucleic acid includes a coding sequence or a part of a coding sequence, the present invention includes methods of purifying the gene products from the coding sequence or part thereof, and the purified gene products themselves.

Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a method for identifying an individual that is genetically inclined to develop a developmental disorder or disease.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for identifying an individual that is genetically inclined to develop schizophrenia.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for identifying an individual that is genetically inclined to have offspring having a developmental disorder.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of diagnosing schizophrenia.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of treating developmental disorders such as schizophrenia.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for monitoring the treatment of the developmental disorder.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for ameliorating the effect of a defect in folate, pyridoxine or cobalamin metabolism on a fetus due to the genetic or environmental status of a pregnant woman.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of treating a patient who is genetically inclined to develop a developmental disorder such as schizophrenia.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of overcoming a nutritional lack of folate, cobalamin or pyridoxine of a pregnant woman to prevent the development of the corresponding fetus developing a developmental disorder.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the ensuing description.

These and other aspects of the present invention will be better appreciated by reference to the following drawings and Detailed Description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows primers for PCR amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) deletion polymorphism region.

FIG. 2 shows the genotypes of the DHFR 19 basepair deletion by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lanes 1 and 2 show genotypes 1,1. Lanes 3 and 4 show genotypes 1, 2. Lanes 5 and 6 show genotypes 2,2. Lane 7 shows phiX174 RF DNA/HaeIII size markers from BRL Life Technologies.

FIG. 3 shows the sequences of PCR amplification products in the Region of the DHFR polymorphism region. * is explained in Text, see Example 2.

FIG. 4A is a nucleotide sequence of the wild type human DHFR, (SEQ ID NO:41) from Yang et al., J. Mol. Biol. 176:169-187 (1984), GeneBank accession no: X00855. The start codon is in bold.

FIG. 4B is the same nucleotide sequence as that of FIG. 4A except the deletion of the 19 nucleotides due to the DHFR deletion polymorphism, (SEQ ID NO: 42).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention in its broadest embodiment provides a method of diagnosing, preventing and/or treating specific physiologicalldevelopmental disorders. Such physiological/developmental disorders include schizophrenia, spina bifida cystica, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar illness, autism, conduct disorders, attention deficit disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, chronic multiple tic syndrome and learning disorders such as dyslexia.

A particular aspect of the present invention provides methodology for diagnosing, preventing and/or treating a developmental disorder such as schizophrenia. Such methodology is premised on the correlation between abnormalities in folate, cobalamin, and/or pyridoxine metabolism in an individual and/or the mother of an individual and the occurrence of the developmental disorder, e.g., schizophrenia in the individual. Further, the present invention provides a framework (i.e., the gene-teratogen model, and the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development both of which are described in detail below) which fully explain the rationale for the correlation, though the ultimate usefulness of the methods of the present invention are independent of any particular model.

Within this context, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model maintains that a developmental disorder such as schizophrenia results in part from developmental brain damage sustained in utero due to maternal dietary deficiency of folate, pyridoxine or cobalamin potentiated by the aggregate effect of minor defects of folate, pyridoxine or cobalamnin genes. The maternal damage to the fetus can result in part from insufficiency of the folate, pyridoxine and cobalarnin themselves and/or from resulting effects such as immune deficiency and maternal teratogens, e.g. hyperhomocysteinemia. Genes from either parent acting in the fetus may modify these damaging effects as exemplified in the gene-teratogen model, below.

As described herein the present invention can be practiced on a case by case basis, or alternatively, it can be used in the screening of the general population, or within any particular subgroup, such as newborns (as is presently performed in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperphenylalaninemia).

Therefore, if appearing herein, the following terms shall have the definitions set out below.

As used herein a “gene involved in folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamin metabolism” is a gene that encodes a peptide or protein that plays a role in a pathway involved in either folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamin metabolism. An incomplete listing of examples of such proteins is given in Tables 2-7.

As used herein the term “individual” includes a fetus, infant, child, adolescent, and adult. Therefore, as used herein, an individual originates at conception.

As used herein an individual with a susceptibility for “having offspring that develop a developmental disorder” is meant to be indicative of the susceptibility of the offspring of that individual to develop the developmental disorder and is not in any way meant to be indicative of the susceptibility of the individual to have offspring.

The term “proband” as used herein is operationally defmed by Table 8 along with the accompanying explanatory information (see, Example 1). For most purposes, the proband can be considered the central figure in the familial analysis, the remaining individuals in the family being designated as “blood relatives”. There are three types of probands: (1) an “affected proband” i.e., an individual that is believed to have a developmental disorder ; (2) a “control proband” an individual that is believed not to have a developmental disorder; and (3) a “diagnostic proband” i.e., an individual being diagnosed.

As used herein a “blood relative” of an individual is a relative that is related to the individual in a genetic sense. Blood relatives can include mothers, fathers, children, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, and grandparents. Preferably a blood relative is a parent, a sibling, or a grandparent. Adopted relatives, step-parents, relatives through marriage and the like are not blood relatives. Therefore, as used herein, the terms “mother”, “father”, “sibling”, “grandparent”, “grandfather” and “grandmother” are indicative of blood relationships.

As used herein a “mate of an individual” is a person whose genetic material is combined with that of the individual for the conception of the offspring in question.

As used herein the term “schizophrenia” describes a disorder that is at least partially due to one or more genetic mutations or polymorphisms in one or more genes involved in folate, cobalamin or pyridoxine metabolism in an individual that is schizophrenic and/or to one or more genetic mutations or polymorphisms in one or more genes involved in folate, cobalamin or pyridoxine metabolism in the mother of that individual.

As used herein an individual is “schizophrenic” when the individual displays symptoms that would be accepted by an experienced psychiatrist to merit a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Such a diagnosis is based, at least in part, on the currently evolving guidelines for the diagnosis of schizophrenia which are listed in the successive editions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, put out by the American Psychiatric Association. The current edition is the DSM, Fourth Edition (1994).

As used herein the terms “spina bifida cystica”, “Tourette's syndrome”, “bipolar illness”, “autism”, “conduct disorder”, “attention deficit disorder”, “obsessive compulsive disorder”, “chronic multiple tic syndrome” and “learning disorders”such as “dyslexia”describe disorders which display symptoms that would be accepted by an experienced psychiatrist to merit a diagnosis of that disorder. Such a diagnosis is based, at least in part, on the currently evolving guidelines which are listed in the successive editions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, put out by the American Psychiatric Association. The current edition is the DSM, Fourth Edition (1994).

As used herein the term “teratogenic locus” indicates one or more alleles that act in a pregnant woman to cause an intrauterine teratogenic effect on the fetus.

As used herein the terms “specificity locus” or “modifying locus” are used interchangeably and are indicative of one or more alleles that can act during pregnancy and/or after birth to prevent, modify, and/or ameliorate the teratogenic effect of the teratogenic locus.

As used herein a “constellation of genetic mutations” is the set of genetic risk factor mutations that is present in a proband and relatives of the proband. One example of a constellation of genetic mutations is shown in a line of Table 8, below.

As used herein a “risk factor” is a teratogen or substance (including a defective gene) that can lead to a teratogenic effect that is present or suspected of being present in a tissue sample or body fluid of an individual's mother during the individual's gestation and/or present or suspected of being present in a tissue sample or body fluid of the individual.

As used herein a “genetic risk factor” is used interchangeably with the term “genetic explanatory variable” and is a genetic mutation and/or polymorphism that causes or potentially can cause the formation of and/or lead to the development of a risk factor in an individual or the individual's mother during gestation.

As used herein an “environmental risk factor” is used interchangeably with the term “environmental explanatory variable” and is an environmental factor that causes or potentially can cause the formation of and/or lead to the development of a risk factor in an individual or the individual's mother during gestation.

As used herein an “explanatory variable” is either an “environmental explanatory variable” or a “genetic explanatory variable” or the variable defined by their interaction or any combination of the above.

Enzymes whose deficiency may raise plasma homocysteine include methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase, and folate receptors/transport proteins/binding proteins (as well as all of the proteins listed in Tables 2-7 below).

The current (developmental) model for schizophrenia is that genetic and environmental factors cause brain damage in a fetus that later develops schizophrenia. However, the genetic and environmental factors have not been identified. Also, extensive linkage and association studies have failed to identify genes determining schizophrenia. The reasons usually given for this difficulty include: (i) locus heterogeneity, i.e., more than one gene locus is involved, perhaps many gene loci each with a small effect; (ii) the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia is unknown; and (iii) an additional possible factor is that the frequency of the disease alleles may be high, thus greatly reducing the power of linkage studies.

The DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model explains all of these difficulties and at the same time proposes a unified metabolic abnormality. The unified metabolic abnormality is: (a) ENVIRONMENTAL, i.e., due to a folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine deficiency caused by either decreased ingestion or increased requirement during pregnancy; (b) GENETIC, i.e., due to a folate/cobalarnin/pyridoxine genetic defect caused by the aggregate effect of multiple mutations of folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine genes each individually having a small effect; and (c) the interaction of the folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine environmental and genetic factors (indicated above) to cause other harmful effects such as maternal teratogens and immune deficiency during gestational development. Different gene loci and different combinations of gene loci will be involved in different patients and different families. The problem of locus heterogeneity is addressed by the hypothesis that the folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine genetic defect is the aggregate effect of multiple mutations of folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine genes each of which have a relatively small effect.

The problem of mode of inheritance is addressed by the gene-teratogen model. The gene-teratogen model describes the special features of genes acting in utero; both teratogenic and modifying of specificity loci may be involved. If these effects are not taken into account, the assignment of affection status in schizophrenia pedigrees is inaccurate. Assignment of affection status is a key element in defining the mode of inheritance for all kinds of linkage mapping. Failure to assign the correct mode of inheritance is another factor that has made the linkage studies very difficult.

Finally, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model proposes that some of the genetic factors for schizophrenia are common in the population. In fact, subclinical deficiency of folate, pyridoxine, and cobalamin is common in the population and common among pregnant women as well. Pregnancy further increases the requirement for folate, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. Common genetic polymorphisms of folate and cobalamin genes are also known, some of them functional. Common genetic risk factors tend to be functional polymorphisms and/or mutant alleles that individually have small effects. Otherwise, they would be largely eliminated from the population by natural selection and would not be common. High disease allele frequency is yet another factor that greatly diminishes the power of a linkage study.

Besides explaining the difficulties with current linkage studies, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model explains all of the unusual biological and epidemiological features of schizophrenia: e.g. the decreased amount of gray matter in brain areas, the unusual birth-month effect, the geographical differences in incidence, the socioeconomic predilection, the association with obstetrical abnormalities (low birth weight and prematurity), and the association with famine and viral epidemics. Consistently, genetic linkage and cytogenetic studies in schizophrenia have implicated various chromosome regions, some of them containing folate, pyridoxine, and cobalamin genes including dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, and transcobalarnin II. The DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model predicts that folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamin gene mutations have a high frequency in schizophrenia patients or family members. Furthermore, mothers of schizophrenics are predicted to be particularly susceptible to producing one or more teratogens during pregnancy.

The present invention therefore provides methods for: (a) Diagnostic testing of schizophrenia by identifying a folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamin gene mutation or constellation of mutations in the patient, mother, and father. (b) Prevention of schizophrenia by diagnostic testing in families already affected by schizophrenia or by diagnostic population screening for folate mutations and identifying couples at risk for producing schizophrenic offspring. These pregnancies can be further monitored for risk factors, e.g. dietary folate/pyridoxine/cobalamin, plasma folate/pyridoxine/cobalamin, or red blood cell folate; plasma homocysteine or other teratogens. (c) Therapy for schizophrenia, e.g., treating the pregnant mother with folate, pyridoxine, cobalamin or other agents. The treatment can be monitored at regular intervals to determine the effect of therapy. (d) Presymptomatic treatment of schizophrenia on young children found to be susceptible to schizophrenia by diagnostic testing for folate gene mutations and other risk factors can also be treated with methylfolate or related therapeutic modalities to forestall the appearance of schizophrenia symptoms in adolescence or adulthood.

Empirical studies with methylfolate treatment of schizophrenia have shown modest clinical improvement. The DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model gives a rationale for such therapy as well as for intensive testing of related therapeutic modalities. Genetic testing will need to be carried out in such patients to gauge their likelihood of responding to therapy. In addition, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model gives direction and impetus toward uncovering the mechanism of fetal brain damage leading to schizophrenia.

Diagnostic testing for schizophrenia can involve testing not just the patient, but mother and father as well, for not just one factor but multiple genetic factors. For example, data for two gene loci (both folate-related genes) were used in Example 2. In this case, there were only four explanatory variables for each comparison.

In addition, risk factors appearing only during pregnancy may play a role, e.g. dietary folate which can be further monitored during the pregnancy. In certain instances, genotype data can be used as the sole explanatory variables, particularly in the case when no environmental explanatory variables are known. In such a case, the predicted probabilities will be only for the genetic component of the proband's risk of schizophrenia. In addition, schizophrenia mothers, fathers, and sibs do not necessarily have to come from the same families as the schizophrenia probands, as described in Example 2.

Of course certain genetic factors will turn out to be more common than others. This may simplify testing somewhat. Also some genetic factors may operate chiefly in the mother, while others will operate chiefly in the schizophrenic patient. This may also simplify testing. There are some approaches to assessing risk factors during a past pregnancy, e.g. current dietary history as an indicator of past diet, methionine loading as in indicator of how susceptible a mother is to raising her plasma homocysteine, assessment of other risk factors besides folate metabolism that may affect pregnancy outcome. Procedures including all of these variables are both envisioned and included in the present invention.

Thus the present invention provides a method of diagnosis of schizophrenia. In one aspect of the invention, diagnostic testing for genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia determines the probability that the proband is affected with schizophrenia due to genetic factors. This is carried out by genetic testing of a patient suspected of having schizophrenia and/or whatever informative relatives are available, e.g. mother, father, sibs, or children. The genotypes of certain folate and/or cobalamin and/or pyridoxine gene mutations or constellation of mutations (folate and/or cobalamin and/or pyridoxine gene mutations) are determined for each individual.

Since the abnormal phenotype of schizophrenia can be determined by both genetic and environmental factors and since other genetic factors besides folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine gene mutations may be involved, the presence of folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine gene mutations may be neither necessary nor sufficient to cause schizophrenia. Thus, an unaffected individual may have the same genetic risk factors as an affected individual but may lack sufficient environmental factors to cause the abnormal clinical disease. Also, an affected individual may lack folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine gene mutations but may have other related or non-related genetic risk factors that caused the schizophrenia.

Therefore folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine gene mutations are used as explanatory variables (genetic risk factors) to calculate the predicted probability that an individual has genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia due to these mutations. Genetic variation can be expected to account for approximately about half of the risk of developing schizophrenia since the concordance rate in identical twins has been estimated to be about 50%. The other half of the risk results from environmental factors due to their different positions in the uterus and to differences in the blood supply. The use of environmental factors as additional explanatory variables enhances this probability calculation, although this environmental data is more difficult to gather. Together, using both genetic and environmental explanatory variables, the predicted probability that an individual is schizophrenic may approach 1.0.

One likely situation for the use of the present methodology is in the diagnosis of a patient that has developed a psychosis. In such a case, the clinician is likely to be interested in determining the probability that this individual has schizophrenia. The number of blood relatives (preferably first degree relatives) of the patient-to-be diagnosed, both unaffected and affected, could then be determined. The number of these who would contribute a blood sample for analysis, for example, could then be ascertained. It is preferable that the patient-to-be-diagnosed also contributes a blood sample, however in certain situations, this may not be an option. The availability of dietary and epidemiological information for environmental explanatory variables, especially from the patient and the mother, can also ascertained. Of course all relevant legal and ethical rules should be followed regarding informed consent for the genetic testing.

Biological samples such as tissue or fluid samples (e.g., 7 ml of blood in an EDTA-containing vacutainer, see Example 2, below), and obtainable environmental data from the patient and family members are then collected. DNA is extracted from the sample and genotypes for alleles of folate and/or cobalamin and/or pyridoxine genes are determined. The methods for genotyping depend upon the specific genetic markers used as explanatory variables. The methods for allele determination for two genetic markers are discussed in the Examples below.

Data of the genetic and environmental explanatory variables for the patient-to-be-diagnosed (proband) and participating family members are added to a reference data set preferably consisting of well-defined schizophrenia probands and family members, and control probands, and family members for whom data is available for many explanatory variables. As an approximation the control probands themselves also can be used as the controls for each proband family member class as shown in Example 2, below. Thus, as an approximation the control probands can be used as controls for the affected probands; and/or separately for the mothers of affected probands; and/or separately for the fathers of affected probands, etc. Another example of a use of the control probands is in the evaluation and/or analysis of a particular diagnostic proband. In this case, the approximation is obtained by adding the diagnostic proband to the group of affected probands and control probands.

A model is then created consisting of the explanatory variables actually available from specific patient-to-be diagnosed and family members participating in the testing. This new combined data set (reference data set and data from patient-to-be-diagnosed with participating family members) is analyzed by binary logistic regression (e.g., using a statistical software package such as the SAS System embodied in Example 1 below, though other programs may be used) for the model chosen giving the predicted probability that a proband is affected with schizophrenia for all of the probands including the patient-to-be-diagnosed.

In a particular embodiment the model is modified and the goodness of fit for the patient-to-be-diagnosed is checked. The predicted probability that the patient-to-be-diagnosed has schizophrenia is compared with a classification table generated from the model used to determine the likelihood of false positives and false negatives.

The predicted probability that the patient-to-be-diagnosed is affected with schizophrenia, with the likelihood of false positive or false negative result, can then be forwarded to the clinician.

The methods for determining an individual's risk for developing schizophrenia taught by the present invention can be used in a variety of settings. For example, the present invention also provides a therapy for schizophrenia. Empirical studies with methylfolate treatment of schizophrenia have shown modest clinical improvement. The DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model provides a rationale for such therapy as well as for intensive testing of related therapeutic modalities, e.g. other cofactors such as cobalamin or pyridoxine. In addition, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development model gives direction and impetus toward uncovering the mechanism of fetal brain damage leading to schizophrenia. Of course such therapy also can be provided on a case by case basis in order to gauge the likelihood of the patient of responding to such therapy, with the methodology for diagnosis of the present invention enabling the skilled practitioner to assess that likelihood.

In addition, the present invention provides a method of identifying individuals that are likely to be aided by presymptomatic treatment for schizophrenia. For example, young children found to have a high risk for susceptibility to schizophrenia by diagnostic testing can be treated with methylfolate or related therapeutic modalities to forestall the appearance of schizophrenia symptoms in adolescence or adulthood. The present invention further provides methodology for diagnostic testing for specific families already affected by schizophrenia.

The present invention further provides methodology for population screening for folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine mutations to help identify couples at risk for producing schizophrenic offspring. Subsequent or concurrent pregnancies can then be monitored for environmental risk factors, and treated with folate, cobalamin, pyridoxine or other agents and monitored at intervals for the effect of therapy. Such monitoring can include measuring levels of folate, cobalamin, pyridoxine or homocysteine in a particular tissue and/or fluid sample, such as blood.

Since schizophrenia is a developmental disorder, it is likely that these same risk factors discussed here for schizophrenia could play a role in other developmental disorders including spina bifida cystica, Tourette's syndrome, learning disorders including dyslexia, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar illness, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Interestingly, the mode of inheritance of these disorders, like that of schizophrenia, has been difficult to determine despite the fact that a genetic component to the etiology of each has been documented. Therefore, methodology analogous to that exemplified herein for schizophrenia can be readily adapted for diagnosing and/or treating other such developmental disorders.

Nucleic Acids

In accordance with the present invention there may be employed conventional molecular biology, microbiology, and recombinant DNA techniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch & Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York (herein “Sambrook et al., 1989”); DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization [B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. (1985)]; Transcription And Translation [B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins, eds. (1984)]; Animal Cell Culture [R. I. Freshney, ed. (1986)]; Immobilized Cells And Enzymes [IRL Press, (1986)]; B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); F. M. Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994)].

A “nucleic acid molecule” refers to the phosphate ester polymeric form of ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine; “RNA molecules”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules”), or any phosphoester analogs thereof, such as phosphorothioates and thioesters, in either single stranded form, or a double-stranded helix. Double stranded DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA helices are possible. The term nucleic acid molecule, and in particular DNA or RNA molecule, refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear or circular DNA molecules including restriction fragments, plasmids, and chromosomes. In discussing the structure of particular double-stranded DNA molecules, sequences may be described herein according to the normal convention of giving only the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the nontranscribed strand of DNA (i.e., the strand having a sequence homologous to the mRNA). A “recombinant DNA molecule” is a DNA molecule that has undergone a molecular biological manipulation.

A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA, when a single stranded form of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength (see Sambrook et al., supra). The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. High stringency hybridization conditions correspond to 50% formarnide, 5× or 6×SSC. Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementary sequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization, mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency for hybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids, the GC percentage, and the degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. The greater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotide sequences, the greater the value of T_(m) for hybrids of nucleic acids having those sequences. The relative stability (corresponding to higher T_(m)) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order: RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotides in length, equations for calculating T_(m) have been derived (see Sambrook et al., supra, 9.50-10.51). For hybridization with shorter nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomes more important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines its specificity (see Sambrook et al., supra, 11.7-11.8). Preferably a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleotide probe or primer such as a PCR or RT-PCR primer) is at least about 12 nucleotides; preferably at least about 18 nucleotides; and more preferably the length is at least about 27 nucleotides; and most preferably at least about 36 nucleotides. Specific probes and primers that can be used to distinguish specific variants of the nucleic acids encoding the proteins involved in folate, pyridoxine, and/or cobalamin metabolism are also part of the present invention.

Such nucleotide probes and primers can be labeled or used to label complementary DNA (where appropriate) by any number of ways well known in the art including using a radioactive label, such as ³H, ¹⁴C, ³²P, or ³⁵S, a fluorescent label, a boron label [U.S. Pat. No: 5,595,878, Issued Jan. 21, 1997 and U.S. Pat. No: 5,876,938, Issued Mar. 2, 1999 which are incorporated by reference in their entireties], and enzymatic tags such as urease, alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase. In the case of enzyme tags, colorimetric indicator substrates are known which can be employed to provide a means visible to the human eye or spectrophotometrically, to identify specific hybridization with complementary nucleic acid-containing samples.

In a specific embodiment, the term “standard hybridization conditions” refers to a T_(m) of 55° C., and utilizes conditions as set forth above e.g., 5×SSC. In a preferred embodiment, the T_(m) is 60° C.; in a more preferred embodiment, the T_(m) is 65° C.

A DNA “coding sequence” is a double-stranded DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into a polypeptide in a cell in vitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a start codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxyl) terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, prokaryotic sequences, eDNA from eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian) DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. If the coding sequence is intended for expression in a eukaryotic cell, a polyadenylation signal and transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to the coding sequence.

“Transcriptional and translational control sequences” are DNA regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, terminators, and the like, that provide for the expression of a coding sequence in a host cell. In eukaryotic cells, polyadenylation signals are control sequences.

A “promoter sequence” is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase and initiating transcription of a downstream (3′ direction) coding sequence. For purposes of defming the present invention, the promoter sequence is bounded at its 3′ terminus by the transcription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter sequence will be found a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined for example, by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.

A “signal sequence” is included at the beginning of the coding sequence of a protein to direct the protein to a particular site/compartment in the cell such as the surface of a cell. This sequence encodes a signal peptide, N-terminal to the mature polypeptide, that directs the host cell to translocate the polypeptide. The term “translocation signal sequence” is used herein to refer to this sort of signal sequence. Translocation signal sequences can be found associated with a variety of proteins native to eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are often functional in both types of organisms.

Identification of Genetic Mutations

A biological sample can be obtained from an individual and/or a blood relative of the individual, and from appropriate controls, using a sample from any body component including tissue punches, body fluids, and hair, as long as the biological sample contains nucleic acids and/or proteins/peptides. Thus the DNA, mRNA, proteins or peptides of the biological sample can be used to identify mutations and/or variants in genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamine metabolism. The present invention therefore includes methods of detecting and quantifying these nucleic acids and/or proteins/peptides that can be used to identify genetic risk factors.

In a particular embodiment the DNA is extractable. A particularly useful source of DNA is blood. For example, 2.5-40 mls of blood can be collected in a vacutainer containing EDTA. The blood sample is placed on ice and then centrifuged to separate plasma, red cells, and buffy coat. The separated fractions are then frozen at −80° C.

The DNA can be isolated from the buffy coat by a number of procedures well known in the art including using a QIAmp column DNA extraction procedure or the QIAGEN Genomic-tip method. The isolated DNA can be digested with a series of restriction enzymes, for example, and then the digested products can be hybridized with one or more particular nucleic acid probes designed from a particular gene to identify the gene and preferably to test for particular genetic mutations.

Preferably the genomic DNA can be amplified by PCR using appropriate primer pairs such as the primer pairs for the MTHFR or DHFR genes which were used in the Example below. The PCR amplified product can be sequenced directly, or alternatively be digested with one or more appropriate restriction enzymes. The resulting digested products can be separated e.g., by column chromatography, or preferably by polyacrylamide or agarose gel electrophoresis. The isolated digestion products can be compared e.g., by previously determined restriction maps, and/or alternatively, the digestion products can be sequenced directly. Alternatively, as in the case of DHFR, genetic polymorphisms can be detected through the use of restriction enzymes.

Although a restriction map of a gene is sufficient for the employment of the methods disclosed herein, in preferred embodiments the nucleotide sequences of the genes used in the testing steps are known. To this end a large sampling of such sequences are provided in Tables 2-7. (These sequences may also be used in the design of restriction maps.) Thus, initially each gene whether used separately or used in a constellation of genes is characterized by the sequencing of the wild type gene, preferably including the coding regions, introns, control sequences, and other non-coding regions. In addition, mutations of such genes found in the general population can also be characterized. With the recent advances in the sequencing of the human genome the present invention contemplates that additional sequence information will become publicly available, particularly with regard to mutations in relevant introns, and control sequences etc. which are not available in cDNA libraries. Such sequence information is fully envisioned to be incorporated into the on-going compilations of relevant DNA sequence databases of the present invention, as well as for its parallel use in the general methodology described herein. Thus DNA or mRNA or cDNA made from the mRNA can be used to identify mutations and/or variants in genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamine metabolism.

There are many methods currently known in the art to identify variant/mutant DNA, all of which may be used in the present invention (see e.g., internet address http://www.ich.bpmf.ac.uk/cmgs/mutdet.htm). Such methods include but in no way are limited to direct sequencing, array sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Malditof) [Fitzgerald et al., Ann. Rev. Biophy. Biomol. Struct. 24:117-140 (1995)], Polymerase Chain Reaction “PCR”, reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction “RT-PCR”, RNAase protection assays, Array quantitation e.g., as commercially provided by Affymetrix, Ligase Chain Reaction or Ligase Amplification Reaction (LCR or LAR), Self-Sustained Synthetic Reaction (3SR/NASBA), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP),Cycling Probe Reaction (CPR), Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP), heteroduplex analysis, hybridization mismatch using nucleases (e.g., cleavase), Southern, Northerns, Westerns, South Westerns, ASOs, Molecular beacons, footprinting, and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Some of these methods are briefly described below.

PCR is a method for increasing the concentration of a segment of target sequence in a mixture of genomic DNA without cloning or purification. PCR can be used to directly increase the concentration of the target to an easily detectable level. This process for amplifying the target sequence involves introducing a molar excess of two oligonucleotide primers which are complementary to their respective strands of the double-stranded target sequence to the DNA mixture containing the desired target sequence. The mixture is denatured and then allowed to hybridize. Following hybridization, the primers are extended with polymerase so as to form complementary strands. The steps of denaturation, hybridization, and polymerase extension can be repeated in order to obtain relatively high concentrations of a segment of the desired target sequence. The length of the segment of the desired target sequence is determined by the relative positions of the primers with respect to each other, and, therefore, this length is a controllable parameter. Because the desired segments of the target sequence become the dominant sequences (in terms of concentration) in the mixture, they are said to be “PCR-amplified.” [Mullis (U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195) and Mullis et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202)]

In Ligase Chain Reaction or Ligase Amplification Reaction (LCR or LAR) four oligonucleotides, two adjacent oligonucleotides which uniquely hybridize to one strand of target DNA, and a complementary set of adjacent oligonucleotides, which hybridize to the opposite strand are mixed and DNA ligase is added to the mixture. Provided that there is complete complementarity at the junction, ligase will covalently link each set of hybridized molecules. Importantly, in LCR, two probes are ligated together only when they base-pair with sequences in the target sample, without gaps or mismatches. Repeated cycles of denaturation, hybridization and ligation amplify a short segment of DNA. [Barany, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88:189 (1991); Barany, PCR Methods and Applic., 1:5 (1991); and Wu and Wallace, Genomics 4:560 (1989)] LCR has also been used in combination with PCR to achieve enhanced detection of single-base changes. Segev, PCT Public. No. W09001069 A1 (1990).

Self-Sustained Synthetic Reaction (3SR/NASBA) is a transcription-based in vitro amplification system [Guatelli et aL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:1874-1878, 7797 (1990); Kwok et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci., 86:1173-1177) that can exponentially amplify RNA sequences at a uniform temperature. The amplified RNA can then be utilized for mutation detection (Fahy et aL, PCR Meth. Appl., 1:25-33 (1991). In this method, an oligonucleotide primer is used to add a phage RNA polymerase promoter to the 5′ end of the sequence of interest. In a cocktail of enzymes and substrates that includes a second primer, reverse transcriptase, RNase H, RNA polymerase and ribo-and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, the target sequence undergoes repeated rounds of transcription, cDNA synthesis and second-strand synthesis to amplify the area of interest. RFLP can be used to detect DNA polymorphisms arising from DNA sequence variation. This method consists of digesting DNA with one or more restriction endonucleases (e.g., EcoRI) and analyzing the resulting fragments by means of Southern blots [Southern, E., Methods in Enzymology, 69:152 (1980)], as further described by Botstein, et al., Am. J Hum. Genet., 32:314-331 (1980) and White, et al., Sci. Am., 258:40-48 (1988). Since a DNA polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, the length of the corresponding restriction fragment with any given restriction enzyme could change. Once a difference in a restriction fragment length is identified it can be used to readily distinguish a particular polymorphism from the wild type DNA. Mutations that affect the recognition sequence of the endonuclease will preclude enzymatic cleavage at that site, thereby altering the cleavage pattern of that DNA. DNAs are compared by looking for differences in restriction fragment lengths. A technique for detecting specific mutations in any segment of DNA is described in Wallace, et al.,[Nucl. Acids Res., 9:879-894 (1981)]. It involves hybridizing the DNA to be analyzed (target DNA) with a complementary, labeled oligonucleotide probe. Due to the thermal instability of DNA duplexes containing even a single base pair mismatch, differential melting temperature can be used to distinguish target DNAs that are perfectly complementary to the probe from target DNAs that differ by as little as a single nucleotide. In a related technique, described in Landegren, et al., Science, 41:1077-1080 (1988), oligonucleotide probes are constructed in pairs such that their junction corresponds to the site on the DNA being analyzed for mutation. These oligonucleotides are then hybridized to the DNA being analyzed. Base pair mismatch between either oligonucleotide and the target DNA at the junction location prevents the efficient joining of the two oligonucleotide probes by DNA ligase.

When a sufficient amount of a nucleic acid to be detected is available, there are advantages to detecting that sequence directly, instead of making more copies of that target, (e.g., as in PCR and LCR). Most notably, a method that does not amplify the signal exponentially is more amenable to quantitative analysis. Even if the signal is enhanced by attaching multiple dyes to a single oligonucleotide, the correlation between the final signal intensity and amount of target is direct. Such a system has an additional advantage that the products of the reaction will not themselves promote further reaction, so contamination of lab surfaces by the products is not as much of a concern. Traditional methods of direct detection including Northern and Southern blotting and RNase protection assays usually require the use of radioactivity and are not amenable to automation. Recently devised techniques have sought to eliminate the use of radioactivity and/or improve the sensitivity in automatable formats.

One such example is the Cycling Probe Reaction (CPR) [Duck et al., BioTech., 9:142 (1990)]. CPR , uses a long chimeric oligonucleotide in which a central portion is made of RNA while the two termini are made of DNA. Hybridization of the probe to a target DNA and exposure to a thermostable RNase H causes the RNA portion to be digested. This destabilizes the remning DNA portions of the duplex, releasing the remainder of the probe from the target DNA and allowing another probe molecule to repeat the process. The signal, in the form of cleaved probe molecules, accumulates at a linear rate. While the repeating process increases the signal, the RNA portion of the oligonucleotide is vulnerable to RNases that may carried through sample preparation.

Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) is based on the observation that single strands of nucleic acid can take on characteristic conformations in non-denaturing conditions, and these conformations influence electrophoretic mobility. [Hayashi, PCR Meth. Appl., 1:34-38, (1991). The complementary strands assume sufficiently different structures that one strand may be resolved from the other. Changes in sequences within the fragment will also change the conformation, consequently altering the mobility and allowing this to be used as an assay for sequence variations (Orita, et al., Genomics 5:874-879, (1989). The SSCP process involves denaturing a DNA segment (e.g., a PCR product) that is labeled on both strands, followed by slow electrophoretic separation on a non-denaturing polyacrylaride gel, so that intra-molecular interactions can form and not be disturbed during the run. This technique is extremely sensitive to variations in gel composition and temnperature.

In Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), specific probes are designed which can readily distinguish the wild-type gene from the variant/mutant gene. Such methodology allows the identification of a variant/mutant gene through in situ hybridization (U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,525, Issued Jul. 2, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,326, Issued Jul. 6, 1993; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,952, Issued Mar. 26, 1996. FISH does not require the extraction of DNA. In addition, procedures for separating fetal blood cells from maternal blood cells are well known in the art allowing the fetus and the mother to be analyzed from the same body fluid sample (see U.S. Pat. No: 5,629,147, Issued May 13, 1997).

Similarly, antibodies raised against specific mutations and/or variants in the gene products of the genes involved in folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamine metabolism can be used to identify specific polymorphisms. Alternatively, antibodies raised against the wild type proteins can be used to detect and/or quantify the amount of wild type protein present in a given biological sample. In the case in which cross-reacting protein isn't synthesized by the cells of an individual, or is synthesized in significantly lower amounts than those of control subjects, such determinations can be used to identify a genetic risk factor. In addition, these antibodies can be used in methods well known in the art relating to the localization and activity of the gene products, e.g., for Western blotting, imaging the proteins in situ, measuring levels thereof in appropriate physiological samples, etc. using any of the detection techniques known in the art. Furthermore, such antibodies can be used in flow cytometry studies, in immunohistochemical staining, and in immunoprecipitation which serves to aid the determination of the level of expression of a protein in the cell or tissue.

In the particular instance when the gene product is an enzyme, e.g., dihydrofolate reductase, the enzymatic activity of a biological sample can be indicative of the presence of a genetic risk factor. In a particular embodiment, a decrease in an enzyme activity that is associated with folate, pyridoxine, or cobalamine metabolism can be indicative of the presence of the genetic risk factor. Such assays can be performed on multiple samples such as on a microplate reader [Widemann et al., Clin Chem. 45:223-228 (1999)].

MODEL 1 The Gene-Teratogen Model for the Inheritance Pattern of Certain Developmental Disorders

Introduction:

It has long been known, e.g. from extensive studies of exogenous teratogens in inbred mice [Finnell and Chernoff, Gene-teratagen interactions: an approach to understanding the metabolic basis of birth defects, In Pharmacokinetics in Teratogenesis,Vol. II:97-109 Experimental Aspects In Vivo and In Vitro, CRC Press, Inc, Boca Ratan, Fla. (1987)], that teratogens may be influenced by genetic factors. It is less well known that the same gene defect may cause different clinical disorders depending upon whether the metabolic effect of the gene defect is exerted during gestation in utero or during postnatal life. However, the consequences of gene-teratogen interactions in human pedigrees have not been extensively explored, especially the consequences for the use of linkage mapping to identify an unknown gene acting in utero to cause a developmental disorder. A number of common human developmental disorders have been shown to have a genetic component to their etiology. However, for certain developmental disorders, the mode of inheritance has been difficult to determine and linkage studies have met with unexpected difficulties or have achieved limited success. These developmental disorders include spina bifida cystica [Chatkupt, Am J Med Genet, 44:508-512 (1992)], Tourette's syndrome & related disorders, e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic multiple tics syndrome [Pauls, Adv Neurol, 58:151-157 (1992); McMahon et al., Adv Neurol58:159-165 (1992); Heutink et al., Am J Hum Genet, 57:465-473 (1995); Grice et al., Am J Hum Genet, 59:644-652 (1996)], learning disorders, including dyslexia [Lewis, et al., Behav Genet, 23:291-297 (1993); Pennington, J Child Neurol 10 Suppl, 1:S69-S77 (1995)], conduct disorder [Lombroso et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [Lombroso et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], bipolar illness [Baron, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 92:81-86 (1995); Benjamin and Gershon, Biol Psychiatry, 40:313-316 (1996); Risch and Botstein, Nature Genet, 12:351-353 (1996); Jamison and McInnis, Nature Med, 2:521-522 (1996); Morell, Science, 272:31-32 (1996)], schizophrenia [Owen, Psychol Med, 22:289-293 (1992); Cloninger, Am J Med Genet, 54:83-92 (1994); Lander and Kruglyak, Nature Genet, 11:241-247 (1995); Baron, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 92:81-86 (1995); Benjamin and Gershon, Biol Psychiatry, 40:313-316 (1996); Baron, Am J Med Genet, 67:121-123 (1996)], autism [Lombroso et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults [Lombroso et al., J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)]. A recent article [Moldin, Nature Genet. 17:127-129 (1997)] has reviewed “The maddening hunt for madness genes.”

The present model addresses the question of the mode of inheritance of certain developmental disorders and proposes the “gene-teratogen model.” The model suggests that the mode of inheritance of genes acting prenatally may in some cases be fundamentally different from that of genes acting postnatally. Even the same gene acting prenatally may produce a different disorder from that gene acting postnatally. The inheritance pattern in the gene-teratogen model is simple, but from the perspective of the patient with the developmental disorder is neither dominant nor recessive. Some disorders regarded as multifactorial, polygenic, or oligogenic may have this mode of inheritance. In the gene-teratogen model, genetically determined teratogen production by the mother during pregnancy damages the fetus producing the abnormal phenotype of a developmental disorder. The model is illustrated with two types of loci, 1. a teratogenic locus acting in the mother, and 2. a modifying or specificity locus acting in the fetus. Damage by the teratogen is influenced also by environmental factors. The model is interesting because it is simple and because teratogenic loci will be difficult to locate by parametric or non-parametric linkage mapping techniques due to misspecification of the affection status of both mother and affected children. A study design is suggested for identifying teratogenic loci. An example of the gene-teratogen model is the major intrauterine effect seen in offspring of phenylketonuric mothers. Certain developmental disorders whose mode of inheritance has been difficult to determine or whose genetic factors have been difficult to locate are candidates for the gene-teratogen model, including spina bifida cystica, Tourette's syndrome, learning disorders including dyslexia, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar illness, schizophrenia, autism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The Gene Teratogen Model

The model is described in Table 1 using two kinds of loci: a “teratogenic” locus and a “modifying” or “specificity” locus. The gene-teratogen model requires a teratogenic locus. One or more modifying or specificity loci may or may not be present. Also, two types of phenotypes are defined: 1. the teratogen-induced phenotype; and 2. the teratogenic phenotype, i.e., the phenotype of a mother that produces a teratogenic effect during pregnancy. The two phenotypes are different for the teratogenic locus but are identical for the modifying or specificity loci.

TABLE 1 DIAGRAM OF THE GENE-TERATOGEN MODEL Maternal Maternal Paternal Paternal Grandmother Grandfather Grandmother Grandfather Grandparents: AabbCCdd AaBbCcdd AAbbCcDd AAbbCCdd Parents: Mother Father aaBbCcdd AAbbCcDd Child: Child (fetus) with developmental disorder AabbccDd locus A: teratogenic locus, recessive, acting in the mother to cause intrauterine teratogenic damage to the fetus. locus B: teratogenic locus, dominant, acting in the mother to cause intrauterine teratogenic damage to the fetus. locus C: modifying or specificity locus, recessive, acting in the fetus. locus D: modifying or specificity locus, dominant, acting in the fetus.

The teratogenic locus may be dominant (locus A) or recessive (locus B). This locus acts in the mother during pregnancy to cause an intrauterine teratogenic effect in the fetus. The teratogenic effect may result from the production of an endogenous teratogen, from potentiation of an exogenous teratogen, from a metabolic deprivation or imbalance or from some other mechanism. Only one teratogenic locus is required; both locus A and locus B are shown on the same diagram for simplicity. A specificity or modifying locus may be dominant (locus C) or recessive (locus D). Such a locus acts during pregnancy or after to modify the extent of the developmental damage done by the teratogenic locus or even to prevent or repair the damage. For example, for a teratogen acting at a certain time in development, locus C or D may determine whether brain or kidney is damaged, which structures of the brain are damaged, or whether damage occurs at all.

1. Locus A, recessive teratogenic locus, acting in the mother: The child is the patient with the abnormal phenotype of a specific developmental disorder, while mother, father, and grandparents do not have the abnormal phenotype of that disorder (Table 1). Locus A acts in the mother during pregnancy causing her to produce the teratogenic effect that damages the developing fetus leading to the developmental disorder either in the fetus or postnatally in the child or adult. Since this locus is recessive in action, the mother, a homozygote (aa) for the disease allele, is the genetic “patient.” Her abnormal phenotype, the “teratogenic phenotype”, is the trait of producing the teratogenic effect during pregnancy. Her fetus, damaged by the teratogenic effect in utero, does develop the teratogen-induced phenotype. However, the fetus is only a heterozygote (Aa) at locus A and thus lacks both the abnormal homozygous genotype at locus A and the abnormal teratogenic phenotype; e.g., if the fetus is a daughter, she will not produce the teratogenic effect later during pregnancy. Thus, the fetus is affected with the developmental disorder but is not the genetic “patient.” Locus A, acting through a teratogenic effect, cannot be the only etiological factor for the developmental disorder. If it were, then all pregnancies of an aa mother would have the teratogen-induced phenotype which is not the case. Enviromnental and/or other genetic factors, are required. An aa father will have the abnormal genotype, but not the abnormal teratogenic phenotype because he could never become pregnant.

2. Locus B, dominant teratogenic locus acting in the mother: The situation is the same as for locus A except that locus B is dominant in action (Table 1). The mother has the abnormal genotype, Bb, and the abnormal teratogenic phenotype. The fetus has the teratogen-induced phenotype but in the instance shown (Table 1) has neither the abnormal genotype, the teratogenic phenotype, nor even a copy of the disease allele. The maternal grandfather shown (Table 1) has the abnormal genotype, Bb, but does not have the teratogenic phenotype because he could never become pregnant.

3. Environmental effects: The teratogenic effect is modified by environmental factors, e.g. maternal dietary factors, infection, or ingestion of teratogen. These environmental factors may interact with locus A or B or may act independently. From the perspective of the fetus later to develop the developmental disorder (teratogen-induced phenotype), intrauterine teratogenic is an environmental not a genetic effect.

4. Modifying or Specificity Loci Acting in the Fetus, Loci C & D: These loci may interact with the teratogenic locus or the environmental factors to increase or decrease their effect, or alternatively could act independently. Such genetic factors may be recessive (locus C) or dominant (locus D). Genotypes and phenotypes of locus C and D behave conventionally with respect to the developmental disorder. For locus C and D, the fetus is with the developmental disorder is now the genetic “patient”. Maternal teratogenic in utero is an environmental effect. It is thus possible that the same gene locus could act in part as a teratogenic locus and in part as a modifying or specificity locus.

DISCUSSION

The Example of Phenylketonuria: An example of the gene-teratogen model is the major intrauterine effect in maternal phenylketonuria (PKU). Phenylketonuria itself is a recessive postnatal disorder. Untreated homozygous PKU mothers and fathers both have elevated blood phenylalanine (hyperphenylalaninemia). However, heterozygous offspring of untreated PKU mothers (but not fathers) have an abnormal phenotype. [Koch et al., Acta Paediatr Suppl, 407:111-119 (1994); Allen et al., Acta Paediatr Suppl, 407:83-85 (1994); Abadie et al., Archives Pediatr, 3:489-486 (1996)]. Thus the elevated blood phenylalanine or other metabolite(s) in the mother acts as a teratogen for the fetus. Note that the fetus of an untreated phenylketonuric mother does not have the phenotype of PKU (the “teratogenic phenotype”), but has a different phenotype (the “teratogen-induced phenotype”). Phenylketonurics [Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1990)] are normal at birth and develop a progressive disorder postnatally characterized by vomiting, eczema, seizures (infantile spasms with hypsarrythmia on electroencephalography), and mental retardation. The fetus of an untreated phenylketonuric mother [Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1990)] has a congenital non-progressive disorder of fetal origin characterized by microcephaly, abnormal facies, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, and prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. The PKU phenotype is a postnatal degenerative disorder; the phenotype of the PKU intrauterine effect is a developmental disorder. The teratogenic effect is not dependent upon the fetal genotype, although the fetus is an obligate heterozygote since the mother is a homozygote for phenylketonuria and the father (usually) has the normal genotype. Thus, in phenylketonuria, a mutation at the same gene locus causes two distinct disorders depending upon whether the period of abnormal gene action is prenatal or postnatal. A fetus with the abnormal homozygous genotype who is carried by a heterozygous mother is protected in utero, but develops PKU postnatally. A heterozygous fetus carried by a mother with the abnormal homozygous genotype is damaged in utero when the mother's genotype predominates, but is protected from PKU postnatally by its own genotype.

An Example from Studies in Inbred Mice: Finnell and Chemoff [Gene-teratagen interactions: an approach to understanding the metabolic basis of birth defects, In Pharmacokinetics in Teratogenesis, Vol. II: 97-109 Experimental Aspects In Vivo and In Vitro, CRC Press, Inc, Boca Ratan, Fla. (1987)] have reviewed a group of elegant experiments in inbred mice documenting that differences in susceptibility to exogenous teratogens can be regarded as a genetic trait that is determined by susceptibility or liability genes of either the maternal or fetal genotype [Finnell and Chemoff, Gene-teratagen interactions: an approach to understanding the metabolic basis of birth defects, In Pharmacokinetics in Teratogenesis,Vol. II:97-109 Experimental Aspects In Vivo and In Vitro, CRC Press, Inc, Boca Ratan, Fla. (1987)]; Finnell et al., Am J. Med. Genet. 70:303-311 (1997); Bennett et al.,Epilepsia 38:415-423 (1997)]. For example, sensitivity to acetazolamine-induced ectrodactyly is determined by the presence of three genes, and the fetus must be homozygous for the recessive allele at all three loci in order to express the malformation. However, the inbred mouse models used do not mirror the human situation in at least three respects. First, the human population is an outbred population compared to these inbred mouse models. Consequently, the relevant genotypes may be highly variable among members of different families. Second, the inbred mouse experiments address the question of exogenous rather than endogenous teratogens. Third, the inbred mouse studies rely upon known or candidate susceptibility loci, whereas in humans, the problem has been to locate and identify disease unknown loci largely by using linkage mapping techniques.

Implications for Linkage Mapping:

Teratogenic Locus (LocusA or B): The gene-teratogen model has major implications for linkage mapping done with either parametric or non-parametric methods. The problem for both methods is incorrect assignment of affection status. In the lod score method, a genetic model of the disease is constructed and an affection status is assigned to each member of the pedigree. If the genetic model specified is wrong, the linkage results may be falsely positive or falsely negative [Terwilliger and Ott, Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., Baltimore (1994)].

In developmental disorders resulting from the gene-teratogen model, the phenotype assignment for lod score analysis will be incorrect. The patient with the developmental disorder will be assigned the affected phenotype, whereas the patient is actually affected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype, but is unaffected for the teratogenic phenotype. Likewise, the mother will be assigned the unaffected phenotype for linkage analysis. Actually, she is unaffected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype, but is affected for the teratogenic phenotype. Lod scores should increase when phenotype assignments have been corrected. However, apparently dominant inheritance may in fact turn out to be pseudodominant if the mutant allele is common in the population. For non-parametric analysis, a similar misassignment occurs. In the case of affected sib-pairs, the affected sibs will be assigned the affected phenotype. Actually, the sibs are affected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype, but are unaffected for the teratogenic phenotype. The mother will be assigned the unaffected or unknown phenotype. Actually, she is unaffected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype but is affected for the teratogenic phenotype. Thus, the “affected sib-pair” families are likely to turn out to contain only a single sporadic case, since the only individual in the kindred affected with the teratogenic phenotype will be the mother.

For the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) [Spielman et al., Am J Hum Genet, 52:506-516 (1993); Ewens and Spielman, Am JHum Genet, 57:455-464 (1995)] the patient with the developmental disorder will be assigned the affected phenotype. Actually, the patient will be affected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype but will be unaffected for the teratogenic phenotype. The mother will be assigned the unaffected or unknown phenotype. Actually, she is unaffected only for the teratogen-induced phenotype but is affected for the teratogenic phenotype. The expectation of TDT is that alleles of a linked locus will show distortion from random transmission from mother (or father) to the patient. Since the patient is unaffected for the teratogenic phenotype, no transmission distortion from mother (or father) to child will be observed. Transmission distortion for alleles of a teratogenic locus will in fact occur from the mother's parents to the mother, the actual patient for the teratogenic phenotype. But this will not be looked for because the phenotypes have been wrongly assigned. In addition, grandparents of the patients with the developmental disorder have probably not had DNA collected. Therefore, for the TDT, negative results may occur for disease alleles of a teratogenic locus because incorrect phenotype assignments will have been made. When correct phenotype assignments have been made, transmission distortion to the mother from her parents should be expected for disease alleles of a teratogenic locus. Analogous misassignments are made in allelic association and haplotype relative-risk analyses [Falk and Rubinstein, Ann Hu, Genet, 51:227-233 (1987); Terwilliger and Ott, Hum Hered, 42:337-346 (1992); Thomson, Am J Hum Genet, 57:487-498 (1995)].

Modifying or Specificity Loci (Locus C and/or D): Since these loci behave in a conventional fashion, the phenotype assignments will be correct. Consequently, genes identified by conventional parametric or non-parametric linkage studies are likely to be modifying or specificity loci. An important question for linkage mapping is the relative contribution to the abnormal phenotype of the developmental disorder made by the teratogenic locus versus that of a modifying or specificity locus. If the effect of a teratogenic locus is small, then loci identified by conventional linkage studies will be specificity or modifying loci and the mode of inheritance will be Mendelian or multifactorial. If a teratogenic locus makes a major contribution to phenotype, then linkage mapping studies will not give a consistent answer and the mode of inheritance will be difficult to determine.

The presence of a teratogenic locus may be suspected if the maternal contribution to phenotype is different from or greater than the paternal contribution. For example, the mother's relatives of spina bifida infants more frequently have affected children than the father's relatives. Suggested explanations for this observation have been mitochondrial inheritance, maternal effect, or genomic imprinting [Chatkupt, Am J Med Genet, 44:508-512 (1992)]. The operation of a teratogenic locus is another explanation and is itself a form of maternal effect. For a recessive teratogenic locus, the mother's sisters would be at greatest risk of having offspring with the teratogen-induced phenotype.

Implications for Definition of Phenotype: All the pregnancies of a mother with the teratogenic phenotype are at risk for the developmental disorder, the teratogen-induced phenotype. Yet only a few of the fetuses will be affected by the developmental disorder because of the action of environmental factors and/or the modifying or specificity loci. The action of the environmental factors is fully quantitative: depending upon the amplitude of the environmental effect, a mild, moderate, or severe teratogen-induced phenotype may result. In addition, the environmental factor may act at different times in fetal development producing qualitatively different phenotypes. Thus, quantitatively or qualitatively different teratogen-induced phenotypes may result from pregnancies of the same mother with the teratogenic phenotype. In addition, the action of the modifying or specificity loci may produce quantitatively or qualitatively different phenotypes in offspring of the same couple. Such different phenotypes may be diagnostically classified as different disorders. This may complicate attempts at associating specific loci with a specific teratogen-induced phenotype. All of the teratogen-induced phenotypes resulting from pregnancies of a mother with the teratogenic phenotype modified only by environmental factors are genetically indistinguishable. However, such teratogen-induced phenotypes affected also by the various modifying or specificity loci segregating among the offspring of a single couple are only partially genetically related.

Methods to Identify Teratogenic Loci: One effective approach to finding a putative teratogenic locus is to carry out non-parametric linkage studies of families consisting of a patient affected with the developmental disorder, the patient's two (unaffected) parents, and the patient's four (unaffected) grandparents (Table 1). In such a family, the mother is the genetic patient but the other family members are not. Now, the mother's nuclear family (the mother and her parents) is compared with the father's nuclear family (the father and his parents). In a haplotype relative risk study, the disease allele(s) of the teratogenic locus will occur more frequently in the mother compared with other alleles of her parents; the disease allele(s) of the teratogenic locus will not occur more frequently in the father compared with other alleles of his parents. In a transmission/disequilibrium test, transmission distortion will be seen for the disease allele(s) of a teratogenic locus in the mother's nuclear family but not in the father's nuclear family. In an allelic association study, the disease allele will occur more frequently in mothers, patients (with the developmental disorder), and patient's sibs (both affected and unaffected) than in unrelated control individuals. Disease allele frequency in fathers will not be distinguishable from that in control individuals.

Certain developmental disorders with a genetic component to etiology, whose mode of inheritance has been difficult to determine or whose genetic factors have been difficult to locate, including those mentioned earlier, are candidates for the gene-teratogen model.

MODEL 2 The DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development Hypothesis for Schizophrenia and Other Developmental Disorders

Folate metabolism is complex. At least 30 gene loci are involved in absorption, transport, and metabolism of folate, and these are regulated by additional gene loci. Any of these is potentially a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia, although MTHFR and DHFR are particularly good candidates. Likewise, genes encoding proteins involved in the pathways of other vitamin-cofactors may be genetic risk factors.

Two cofactors that may be of particular potential importance are cobalamin and pyridoxine. Cobalamin is relevant because its metabolism is closely intertwined with that of folate. For example, cobalamin is required for the activity of methionine synthase (MTR), a folate-related enzyme. Decreased cobalamin can affect folate metabolism through the folate trap. Pyridoxine is relevant because the pyridoxine-dependent enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), along with the cobalamin-dependent enzyme MTR and folate pathways including MTHFR and DHFR all participate in catabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid that is suspected of being a teratogen during pregnancy. Also, kynureninase, an important enzyme affecting niacin metabolism and serotonin synthesis is pyridoxine-dependent. Therefore, mutations of the genes encoding such proteins, especially common polymorphisms, could play a role in the cause of schizophrenia.

Since folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine are all dietary constituents, the dietary content of these cofactors could be lead to an “environmental” generation of a risk factor for schizophrenia. In addition genes encoding proteins involved in folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine metabolism and catabolism could be genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Thus, the cofactors and the proteins involved in pathways relevant to these cofactors can potentially have either or both environmental and genetic effects on the susceptibility of an individual on schizophrenia.

Since the genetic aspect of schizophrenia differs so profoundly from other disorders which have been identified by linkage mapping techniques, it is clear that a new model for the genetic connection to schizophrenia is required. Therefore, the DNA Polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development (DDCD) hypothesis, is disclosed herein.

The DDCD hypothesis is that interacting genetic and environmental factors affecting the metabolism of folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine or all of these, play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. The genetic effect results from the aggregate effect of multiple mutations that individually, for the most part, have small effects on folate-, cobalamin- or pyridoxine-related genes, some of which will be common in the population, and can act in utero. Environmental factors include dietary folate and cobalamin and pyridoxine. If schizophrenia results from mild deficiency during fetal development of dietary folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine potentiated by mild genetic susceptibility mutations of genes related to these cofactors and by pregnancy, then this would be difficult to document by linkage mapping techniques. An example of interaction of genetic and environmental factors is that genetic factors are important for incorporating dietary folate; the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase is required for conversion of dietary folate to folinic acid thus allowing dietary folate to enter the body's metabolic pathways. Another example is that folate and cobalamin requirements increase during pregnancy; thus pregnancy could potentiate the effects of mild genetic defects of mother, fetus, or both. Deficiencies of a vitamin are often part of a broader dietary deficiency affecting multiple nutrients in addition to the vitamin being measured.

Locus Heterogeneity: The metabolic pathways of folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine are complex and related to each other. Multiple gene loci code for the enzymes and transport proteins are required (Tables 2-7). Thus, a defect of folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine metabolism could result from the aggregate effect of multiple mutations each of relatively small effect interacting with environmental factors. Different individuals might have different combinations of mutations. Such a metabolic defect would be difficult to detect by linkage mapping techniques because of locus heterogeneity.

Alternatively, even if one genetic defect were sufficient to make an individual more susceptible to having schizophrenic offspring, for example, because of the large number of potential genetic factors, and the corresponding importance of environmental factors, elucidation of such an individual genetic defect would still be difficult unless, of course, the genetic defect caused a major effect. The difficulty in elucidating an individual genetic defect is magnified when the genetic factor acts in the mother, and not in the schizophrenic patient.

High Disease Allele Frequency: Numerous mutational variants of folate and cobalamin genes are known. Some of these have functional significance and in addition are sufficiently common in a given population to be regarded as genetic polymorphisms. However, these common alleles are unlikely to have a major harmful effect by themselves, for if they did they would become uncommon in the population in the absence of selection effects, and would likely appear as Mendelian disorders. Thus, the folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine disease alleles related to schizophrenia would appear to be more likely those of minor deleterious effect or those with harmful effect only in the presence of environmental deficiencies or pregnancy. Such disease genes of high population frequency will be difficult to detect by linkage mapping methods because high disease allele frequency decreases the power of linkage studies [Terwilliger and Ott, Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, (1994)].

Developmental Genes: Folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine defects act prenatally as well as postnatally. Folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine metabolism are crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division, which are of disproportionate importance during brain development. Some defects of folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine metabolism elevate blood homocysteine, a toxic and potentially teratogenic substance. Genes acting in the mother to damage the developing fetus, e.g. via the gene-teratogen model (Model 1, above), have a mode of inheritance that is neither dominant nor recessive with respect to the fetus. Attempts to assign a mode of inheritance in this situation will be unsatisfactory because affection status would be incorrectly assigned. The mode of inheritance of a developmental disorder resulting from a teratogenic locus would be regarded as either multifactorial or unknown. This is the situation with schizophrenia whose mode of inheritance is unknown. Use of an incorrect genetic model decreases the power of a linkage studies [Terwilliger and Ott, Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, (1994)].

Genes of Folate Metabolism: Folate metabolism is extremely complex [Rosenblatt, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 3111-3128 (1995); Mudd et al., In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 1279-1327 (1995)]. At least 30 gene loci (Table 2) have been identified as folate-related. These contribute to folate mediated 1-carbon transfer reactions, binding, transport and metabolism of folate, and other functions. A number of these have been cloned and localized to a chromosomal region (Table 3).

TABLE 2 FOLATE-RELATED GENES/ENZYMES/TRANSPORTERS^(a) SEQ Folate-Related Genes/Enzymes/Tranporters^(a) ID NO: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR, MIM 236250 1 methionine synthase (methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine 2 S-methyltransferase), MTR, MIM 156570 dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR, MIM 126060 3 folylpolyglutamate synthase, FPGS, MIM 136510 4 folate receptor 1, folate receptor alpha (FOLR1, adult; 5 FR-alpha), MJM 136430 folate receptor 2, folate receptor beta (FOLR2, fetal; FR-beta), 6 MIM 136425 (a.a.) folate receptor 2-like (FOLR2L, fetal-like), MIM-none folate receptor gamma (FR-gamma), MIM 602469 7 serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1, SHMT1, MIM 182144 8 methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetra- 9 hydrofolate cyclohydrolase, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (trifunctional enzyme, MTHFD), MIM 172460 serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, SHMT2, MIM 138450 10 thymidylate synthase, TYMS, MIM 188350 11 GAR (5-phosphoribosylglycineamide) transformylase, 12 GART, MIM 138440 reduced folate carrier-1, RFC1. Probably identical to 13 micromolar membrane transport protein, intestinal folate carrier-1 (IFC1), and neutral folate transport protein. MIM 600424 cystathionine beta-synthase, CBS, MIM 236200 14 AICAR (5-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide) 15 transformylase glutamate formiminotransferase, MIM 229100 forminotetrahydrofolate cyclodeaminase 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 16 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, Mim 600249 glycine cleavage pathway (SHMT plus three enzymes): MIM 238331 Gly-decarboxylase MIM 238300 17 H-Protein MIM 238330 18 T-Protein MIM 238310 19 cblG (affects function of MTR), MIM 250940 methionine adenosyltransferase 1, MAT1A, 20 (ATP:L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase), MIM 250850 pteroyl polyglutamate liydrolase (“conjugase”), form 1 pteroyl polyglutamate liydrolase (“conjugase”), form 2 NAD-dependent enzyme methylene tetrahydrofolate 21 dehydrogenase cyclohydrolase (a.a.) methionine adenosyltransferase 2, MAT2A, MIM 601468 22 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase 23 reductase (MTRR) MIM 602568; #Variant in MTRR linked to cblE MIM 236270 methyltranferases S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, MIM 180980 24 decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine:putrescine 25 propylaminotransferase or spermidine synthetase (a.a.) S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, , MIM 180960 26 betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase dimethylthetin- homocysteine methyltransferase 27 gamma-cystathionase (L-cystationine cysteine-lyase 28 (deaminating)), MIM 602888 folic acid transport protein, MIM 229050 DHFR (exon 6 and 3′ flanking region) 30 kynureninase 35 human DHFR, exons 1 and 2 [Chen et al., J. Biol. 36 Chem. 259: 3933-3943 (1984)] ^(a)listed with alternate names, abbreviations, and MIM numbers; #cblE is a phenotype for a particular group of disorders of folate/cobalamin metabolism. (a.a.) indicates the amino acid sequence

TABLE 3 LOCALIZED GENE LOCI RELATED TO FOLATE METABOLISM Gene/enzyme/ transport protein Location References MTHFR 1p36.3 Goyette et al.,(1994); *, ** MTR 1q43 Cook and Hamerton, (1979); Mellman et al., (1979) ** DHFR 5q11.2-13.2 Weiffenbach et al., (1991) Gilliam et al. (1989b) *, ** FPGS 9cen-q34 Jones and Kao (1984): Walter et al. (1992) *, ** MAT 10q22 ** FR 11q13.3-q14.1 Lacey et al. (1989), Ragoussis et al, (1992); Ratnum el al. (1989); Walter et al. (1992);* 11q13.3-113.5 Ragoussis et al, (1992),** SHMT2 12q12-q14 Garrow et al., (1993); Law and Kao, (1979)* 12q13 ** MTHFD 14q24 Rozen et al., (1989), Jones et al. (1981),*, ** LCCL 16pter-qter *, ** SHMT1 17p11.2 Garrow et al., (1993)*, ** TYMS 18p11.31.-p11.22 * 18p11.32 Hori et al., (1990); Silverman et al., (1993) SAHH 20cen-q13.1 * GART 21q22.1 McInnis et al. (1993) Schild et al. (1990) Avrarmopoulos et al. (1993) Goto et al. (1993) *, ** RFC1 21q22.2-22.3 Moscow et al., (1995) CBS 21q22.3 Munke et al.,(1988) notes: MTHFR = methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. MTS = methionine synthase. DHFR = dihydrofolate reductase. FPGS = folylpolyglutamate synthase. MAT = methionine adenosyltransferase, (ATP: L-methionine S-adenosyltransferase). FR = folate receptor complex: FR-alpha = FOLR1 = folate receptor 1, adult; FR-beta = FOLR2 = folate receptor 2, fetal; FR-gamma; FOLR2L = folate receptor 2-like. SHMT2 = serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, # mitochondrial. MTHFD = 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, 10-formytetrahydrofolate synthase (trifunctional enzyme). LCCL = gamma-cystathionase (L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating). SHMT1 = serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1, soluble. TYMS = thymidylate synthetase. SAHH, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. GART = phosphoribosylglycineamide formyltransferase. RFC1 = reduced folate carrier-1 possibly # identical to IFC1, intestinal folate carrier-1). CBS = cystathionine beta-synthase. Location information from GOD (*), from MIM (**). Goyette et al., Nat. Gen. 7:195-200 (1994) Cook and Hamerton, Cytogenet Cell Genet. 25:9-20 (1979) Mellman el al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76:405-409 (1979) Weiffenbach et al., Genomics 10:173-185 (1991) Gilliam et al. Genomics 5:940-944 (1989b) Jones and Kao Cytogenet Cell Genet. 37:499 (1984) Walter et al. Ann. Hum. Genet. 56:212 (1992) Lacey et al. Am.J. Med. Genet. 60:172-173 (1989) Ragoussis et al, Genomics 14:423-430 (1992) Ratnum et al. Biochem. 28:8249-8254 (1989) Garrow et al. J. Biol. Chem. 268:11910-11916 (1993). Law and Kao, Cytogenet Cell Genet, 24:102-114 (1979) Rozen et al., Ann. Hum. Genet, 44:781-786 (1989) Jones et al. Somat. Cell Genet. 7:399-409 (1981) Hori et al., Hum. Genet 85:576-580 (1990) Silverman et al., Genomics 15:442-445 (1993) McInnis et al. Genomics 16:562-571 (1993) Schild et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 87:2916-2920 (1990) Avrarmopoulos et al. Genomics 15:98-102 (1993) Goto et al. Neuromusc Disord. 3:157-160 (1993) Moscow et al., Cancer Res. 55:3790-3794 (1995) Munke et al. Am J. Hum. Gen. 42:550-559 (1988)

Genes of Cobalamin Metabolism: Cobalamin metabolism is also complex [Benton and Rosenberg, In:

The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill, 3129-3149 (1995)]. At least 15 gene loci (Table 4) have been identified as cobalamin-related. These contribute to the binding, transport, and metabolism of cobalamin, and its functions. A number of these have been cloned and localized to a chromosomal region (5). Cobalamin metabolism is closely intertwined with that of folate. For example, cobalamin is required for the activity of MTR, a folate-related enzyme. Decreased cobalamin can affect folate metabolism through the folate trap [Rosenblatt, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 3111-3128 (1995); Quadros et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 222:149-154 (1996)].

TABLE 4 COBALAMIN-RELATED GENES/ENZYMES/TRANSPORTERS^(a) SEQ Cobalamin-Related Genes/Enzymes/Tranporters^(a) ID NO: (gastric) intrinsic factor, GIF, MIM-261000 (combined 31 deficiency of GIF & R-binder, MIM 243320 intrinsic factor receptor, IFCR, MIM-261100 transcobalamin I, TCI (an R-protein, plasma), MIM 189905 32 transcobalamin III, TCIII (an R-protein, plasma), MIM-none other R-proteins (R-binders, cobalophylins, haptocorrins), MIM 193090 transcobalamin II, TCII MIM 275350 33 transcobalamin II receptor, TCII receptor, MIM-none methylmalonyl Co-A mutase, MCM (MUT locus), MIM 251000 34 cblF, lysosomal cbl efflux, MIM 277380 cblC, cytosolic cbl metabolism, MIM 277400 cblD, cytosolic cbl metabolism, MIM 277410 cblA, mitochondrial cbl reduction, (AdoCbl synthesis only), MIM 251100 cblB, cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase, (AdoCbl synthesis only), MIM 251110 cblE, methyltransferase-associated cbl utilization, MIM 236270 cblG, methyltransferase-associated cbl utilization, MIM 250940 ^(a)listed with alternate names, abbreviations, and MIM numbers

TABLE 5 LOCALIZBD GENE LOCI RELATED TO COBALAMIN METABOLISM Gene/enzyme/transport protein Location References MCM (MUT locus) 6p21.2-p21.1 Qureshi et al. (1994)* IF/GIF 11q12-q13 Hewit et al. (1991)* TCI (an R-protein, plasma) 11q11-q12.3 Johnston et al., (1992) Sigal et al., (1987),* TCII 22q11.2-q13 22q12/13border Li et al., (1995) notes: MCM = methymalonyl Co-A mutase; IF/GIF = (gastric) intrinsic factor; TCI = transcobalmin I; TCII = transcobalamin II. Location information from GDB (*), from MIM (**). Qureshi et al., Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 17: 133-151 (1994) Hewit et al., Genomics 10: 432-440 (1991) Johnston et al., Genomics 12: 459-464 (1992) Sigal et al.,N. Engl. J. Med. 317: 1330-1332 (1987) Li et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 208: 756-764 (1995)

Genes of Pynidoxine Metabolism: Pyridoxine metabolism is also complex with three dietary forms convertible to pyridoxal phosphate [Whyte et al., Hypophosphatasia, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 4095-4111 (1995)] and many pyridoxine-related and pyridoxine-dependent enzymes including decarboxylases and all aminotranferases (Table 6). A number of pyridoxine-related enzymes have been cloned and localized to a chromosomal region (Table 7). Pyridoxine metabolism is related to folate metabolism, especially 1-carbon transfer reactions: both serine hydroxymethyltransferases and the P-protein (glycine decarboxylase) of the glycine breakdown system are pyridoxine-dependent.

TABLE 6 SOME PYRIDOXINE-RELATED GENES/ENZYMES/^(a) 1. cystathionine beta-synthase, CBS, MIM 236200 2. gamma-cystathionase, MIM 219500 (L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase, deaminating), LCCL 3. glycine cleavage system (GCS): glycine decarboxylase (P-protein) 4. serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1, SHMT1, MIM 182144 5. serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, SHMT2, MIM 138450 6. kynureninase MIM 278600 7. all aminotransferases, MIM 258870 (e.g. ornithine-gamma-aminotranferases, OAT,) 8. decarboxylases, MIM 266100 e.g. glutamic acid decarboxylases, GAD1, GAD2, 9. pyridoxamine(pyridoxine)-5′-phosphate oxidase MIM 603287 ^(a)listed with alternate names, abbreviations, and MIM numbers.

TABLE 7 SOME LOCALIZED GENE LOCI RELATED TO PYRIDOXINE METABOLISM Gene/enzyme Location References 1. GAD2 2q31, Bu et al., 1992) 2. GCS P-protein 9p13 Hamosh et al. 1995) 3. GAD1 10p11.23 Bu et al. 1992) 4. OAT 1Oq26 ** 5. SHMT2 12q12-14 Garrow et al., 1993; Law and Kao, 1979 6. LCCL l6pter-qter *, ** 7. SHMT1 17p11.2 Garrow et al. 1993 * ** 8. CBS 21q22.3 Munke et al. 1988 9. PNPO (PPO) Ngo et al. 1998 ^(a)listed with alternate names, abbreviations, and MIM numbers. Location information from GDB (*), from MIM (**). notes: GAD2 = glutamic acid decarboxylase 2, 67 kDa. GCS = glycine cleaving system, P-protein = glycine decarboxylase subunit. GAD1 = glutamic acid decarboxylase 1, 65 kDa. OAT = ornithine-gamma-aminotranferases. SHMT2 = serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2, mitochondrial. LCCL = gamma-cystathionase (L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating). SHMT1 = serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1, soluble. CBS = cystathionine beta-synthase. # PNPO = pyridoxamine(pyridoxine)-5′-phosphate oxidase References: Bu et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 89:2115 (1992). Hamosh et al., In: “The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease”, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 1337-1348 (1995). Garrow et al. J. Biol. Chem. 268:11910-11916 (1993). Law and Kao, Cytogenet Cell Genet, 24: 102-114 (1979). Munke et al. Am J. Hum. Gen. 42:550-559 (1988). Ngo et al. Biochemistry 37:7741-7748 (1998).

Relevance of Folate, Cobalamine, And Pyridoxine to Schizophrenia: There is considerable evidence that schizophrenia results, at least in part, from damage to brain development in utero that becomes symptomatic in late adolescence or early adulthood. The etiology of schizophrenia has both genetic and environmental components. Because folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine are all ingested and metabolized, they could potentially be both environmental and genetic factors for schizophrenia. Folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine are relevant to schizophrenia in important ways. First, all of them are required for cell division because of their role in nucleic acid synthesis [Rosenblatt, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds) New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 3111-3128 (1995); Benton and Rosenberg, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds)., New York: McGraw-Hill, 3129-3149 (1995)]. The developmental brain insult implicated in schizophrenia [Akbarian et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50:169-177 (1993); Akbarian et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50:178-187 (1993)] is an abnormality of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, which are midtrimester events requiring cell division. Thus folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine deficiencies could result in the widespread decreased grey matter volume observed in schizophrenia.

Individuals that become schizophrenic later in life are more likely to be born during the winter and early spring [Boyd et al., Schizophr. Bull., 12:173-186 (1986); Kendell and Adams, Br. J. Psychiatry, 158:758-763 (1991); O'Callaghan et al., Br. J. Psychiatry, 158:764-769 (1991)]; this corresponds to midtrimester in late fall & winter. Many folate- and pyridoxine-containing foods, e.g. dark green leafy vegetables, are less readily available in late fall & winter in northern climates. Seasonality was found to be a major determinant of micronutrient status including folate status in a population of pregnant and lactating women in The Gambia where folate deficiency was widespread [Bates et al. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:660-668 (1994)]. Dietary cobalamin comes from animal foods, e.g. meat, dairy products, and fish, and prolonged dietary insufficiency is required to produce cobalamin deficiency unless a person is a strict vegetarian or already has subclinical deficiency [Sanders and Reddy, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59:1176S-1181S (1994)]. In fact, a significant fraction of the population already has subclinical deficiency for folate [Lewis et al., Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 678:360-362 (1993)] and for [Carmel et al., Arch. Intem. Med., 147:1995-1996 (1987); Pennypacker et al., J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 40:1197-1204 (1992); Naurath et al., Lancet., 346:85-89 (1995); Allen et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 62:1013-1019 (1995); Black et al., J. Nutr., 124:1179-1188 (1994)]. Also, the dietary folate requirement increases during pregnancy [Scholl et al., Am. J. clin. Nutr., 63:520-525 (1996); McPartlin et al., Lancet., 341:148-149 (1993)] and most women become folate deficient during late pregnancy [Giles, J. Clin. Pathol., 19:1-11 (1966)]. Cobalamin deficiency is also common during pregnancy [Gadowsky et al., J. Adolesc. Health, 16:465-474 (1995)] although subnormal levels of vitamin B12 during pregnancy must be interpreted with caution [Metz et al., Am. J. Hemetol., 48:251-255 (1995)]. An increase in schizophrenia births has also been noticed after winter famine [Susser and Lin, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 49:983-988 (1992)]; Susser et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 53:25-31 (1996)], a time when severe dietary deficiency of both folate and cobalamin is more likely. A temporary increase in the incidence of neural tube defects was reported in Jamaica 11-18 months following Hurricane Gilbert and was found to be associated with decreased dietary folate [Duff and Cooper, Am J. Pub.Health 84:473-476 (1994)].

Schizophrenia is also associated with obstetrical complications, e.g. low birth weight and prematurity [Lewis and Murray, J. Psychiatr. Res., 21:413-421 (1987)]. Low birthweight and prematurity have also been associated with dietary folate deficiency during pregnancy Scholl et al., Am. J. clin. Nutr., 63:520-525 (1996). Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for unexplained recurrent early pregnancy loss [Wouters et al., Fertil. Steril., 60:820-825 (1993)] and for abruptio placentae [Goddijn-Wesel et al., Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 66:23-29 (1996)]. Hyperhomocysteinemia may be related to defects in folate-, cobalamin-, or pyridoxine-dependent reactions [Naurath et al., Lancet., 346:85-89 (1995)]. Interestingly, stillbirths and schizophrenia share a similar seasonality of birth excess [Torrey et al., Schizophr. Bull., 19:557-562 (1993)]. Also N₂ O, an anaesthetic gas that inhibits MTR, a cobalamin-requiring enzyme of folate metabolism, is a reproductive toxin for both men and women [Louis-Ferdinand, Adverse Drug React. Toxicol Rev., 13:193-206 (1994)]. Methotrexate, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), induces abortion.

Dietary folate deficiency and low plasma folate are common in inner city urban populations [Scholl et al., Am. J. clin. Nutr., 63:520-525 (1996)]. Likewise, schizophrenia has been reported to be more common in inner city urban populations [Fuller and Bowler, Schizophr. Bull., 16:591-604 (1990)]. Also, both low folate intake [Schorah and Wild, Lancet., 341:1417 (1993)] and schizophrenia [Dohrenwned et al., Science, 255:946-952 (1992)] are correlated with lower socioeconomic status.

Immune function is impaired in folate deficiency [LeLeiko and Chao, In: Rudolph's Pediatrics, 20th ed., Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, pp. 1001-1010 (1996)], in cobalamin deficiency [Hitzig et al., Ciba. Found. Symp., 68:77-91 (1978)] and in pyridoxine deficiency [Trakatellis et al. Postgrad Med. J. 73:617-622 (1997)] and deficient individuals are more susceptible to infection. Methotrexate, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibits immune function [Hughes, In: Rudolph's Pediatrics, 20th ed., Stamford, Conn.: Appletone and Lange, pp. 517-519 (1997)]. And, as mentioned, dietary folate and cobalamin requirements increase during pregnancy [Scholl et al., Am. J. clin. Nutr., 63:520-525 (1996); McPartlin et al., Lancet., 341:148-149 (1993)]. This is relevant because the season-of-birth effect just mentioned in connection with dietary folate, or cobalamin deficiency has also been explained by in utero infectious illness, the “viral theory” of schizophrenia. Individuals born following winters with severe influenza epidemics are more likely to develop schizophrenia [Adams et al., Br. J. Psychiatry, 163:522-534 (1993)] though not all studies find this effect. Although it has not been demonstrated that either the schizophrenia fetus or the pregnant mother actually developed influenza, the histologic pattern in schizophrenia of a neuronal migration abnormality during brain development has been seen as compatible with a fetal viral infection [Kovelman and Scheibel, Biol. Psychiatry, 19:1601-1621 (1984); Bogerts et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 42:784-791 (1985); Akbarian et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50:169-177 (1993); Akbarian et al., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 50:178-187 (1993)]. Thus folate or cobalamin, deficiency during pregnancy could result in greater susceptibility to viral infection affecting mother, fetus, or both. The infectious agent could be influenza itself. Alternatively, a severe influenza epidemic could be a “marker” of a severe winter, and infection by another agent could cause the brain damage. In this way, folate or cobalamin deficiency could cause the season-of-birth effect either through the mechanism of dietary deficiency alone, through maternal immune deficiency and infection, or both.

Methotrexate, a DHFR inhibitor, is also an important therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis has repeatedly been found to have a decreased frequency in schizophrenics, a puzzling finding that remains unexplained [Eaton et al., Schizophr. Res., 6:181-192 (1992)].

The developmental model of schizophrenia postulates that brain damage sustained in the second trimester of fetal life results in schizophrenia later in development [Brixey et al., J. Clin. Psychol., 49:447-456 (1993)]. Both folate and cobalamin are already known to contribute to a first trimester fetal nervous system malformation, spina bifida cystica [Kirke et al., Q. J. Med., 86:703-708 (1993); Gordon, Brain Dev., 17:307-311 (1995)], and possibly other birth defects [Shaw et al., Lancet., 346:393-396 (1995); Czeizel, Lancet., 345:932 (1995)]. Some studies [Whitehead et al., Q. J. Med., 88:763-766 (1995); van der Put et al., Lancet., 346:1070-1071 (1995); Ou et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 63:610-614 (1996); Chatkupt et al., Am. Acad. Neurol. Works in Progres, WIP4: (1996)] suggest that a genetic susceptibility factor for spina bifida is a common allele of the folate gene, MTHFR, the nucleotide 677C->T transition converting an alanine residue to valine resulting in a heat-labile enzyme protein. Homozygotes for this allele, about 10% of the normal population, have lower erythrocyte folate and plasma folate during pregnancy [Molloy et al., Lancet., 349:1591-1593 (1997)]. Homozygotes for this allele also develop moderately elevated blood homocysteine [van der Put et al., Lancet., 346:1070-1071 (1995); Frosst et al., Nature Genet., 10:111-113 (1995)] in the presence of dietary folate deficiency. Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is toxic to adults [Fermo et al., Ann. Intern. Med., 123:747-753 (1995)], and toxic to the fetus in early gestation [Wouters et al., Fertil. Steril., 60:820-825 (1993)], and possibly teratogenic in the first trimester causing neural tube defects [Whitehead et al., Q. J. Med., 88:763-766 (1995); van der Put et al., Lancet., 346:1070-1071 (1995); Ou et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 63:610-614 (1996). Thus, the MTHFR heat-labile mutation, in the presence of decreased dietary folate in midtrimester, could be teratogenic both through hyperhomocysteinemia and also through folate deficiency causing the developmental brain damage hypothesized in the developmental model of schizophrenia [Brixey et al., J. Clin. Psychol., 49:447-456 (1993)]. A second common polymorphism of MTHFR, the nt1298 A->C mutation could also be a genetic risk factor for spina bifida [van der Put et al., Lancet., 346:1070-1071 (1995].

Schizophrenia is a common disorder, affecting 1% or more of the population [Karno et al., In: Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI, 6th ed., Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 902-910 (1995)]. Thus, if a significant proportion of schizophrenia shares a common etiology, both the genetic susceptibility factors and the environmental factors must be common in the population. As mentioned earlier, a significant fraction of the population is already sub-clinically deficient for folate and for cobalamin; also, pregnancy may increase this fraction since dietary folate and cobalamin requirements increase during that time. Several functional polymorphic alleles of folate and cobalamin genes are also common in the population including the MTHFR mutations just mentioned and polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase [Horie et al., Cell Struct. Funct., 20:191-197 (1995)], transcobalamin II [Li et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1219:515-520 (1994)], and folate-binding proteins [Li et al., 1994, supra; Shen et al., Biochem., 33:1209-1215 (1994)]. Metabolic indicators of folate or cobalamin deficiency, e.g. hyperhomocysteinemia and hypermethylmalonicacidemia, are also common in the population [Naurath et al., Lancet., 346:85-89 (1995)]. Thus there exists a statistical basis for the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a birth defect resulting from the action during gestation of genetic risk factors and environmental factors related to folate and/or cobalamin that lead to the generation of risk factors. Such factors are sufficiently common that at least in principle all cases of schizophrenia could result from this mechanism.

Finally, folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine are relevant for schizophrenia because of findings in patients. Severe genetic deficiency of MTHFR may cause a “schizophrenia” phenotype [Freeman et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 292:491-496 (1975); Regland et al., J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect., 98:143-152 (1994)]. Genetic deficiency of other folate and cobalamnin enzymes has been reported to cause nervous system disease, psychiatric disease, or schizophrenia-like illness [Mudd et al., In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 1279-1327 (1995); Hitzig et al., Ciba. Found. Symp., 68:77-91 (1978); Cooper and Rosenblatt, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 7:291-320 (1987); Shevall and Rosenblatt, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 19:472-486 (1992); Hall, Br. J. Haematol., 80:117-120 (1992)]. Likewise, dietary deficiencies of folate or cobalamin may have similar effects [Cooper and Rosenblatt, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 7:291 14 320 (1987); Shevall and Rosenblatt, Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 19:472-486 (1992)]. Methylfolate therapy reportedly improved the clinical status of schizophrenics with borderline or definite folate deficiency [Godfrey et al., Lancet., 2:392-395 (1990); Procter, Br. J. Psychiatry, 159:271-272 (1991)] although the improvement claimed was small and the finding controversial. Folate deficiency has been associated with disturbances in mood [Shulman, In: Folic Acid in Neurology, Psychiatry, and Internal Medicine, New York: Raven Pr., 463 14 474 (1979)], and it has been suggested that the most common neuropsychiatric system abnormality in severe folate deficiency is depression [Reynolds et al., Lancet., ii: 196-198 (1984)]. Methyltetrahydrofolate reportedly improved symptoms of depression in an open trial in elderly depressed patients [Guaraldi et al. Ann. Clin.Psychiatry 5:101-105 (1993)]. Schizophrenics are reported to have an 80% excess mortality from cardiovascular disease [Gottesman, Schizophrenia Genesis, Schizophrenia Genesis-The Origins of Madness, W. H. Freeman & Co. N.Y.(1991)]; hyperhomocysteinemia, dietary folate deficiency and the MTHFR 677C->T mutation have been implicated in cardiovascular disease in some studies [Morita et al., Circulation, 95:2032-2036 (1997)] but not others (Anderson et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30:1206-1211 (1997)]. Also, kynureninase, an important enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, affecting niacin metabolism and serotonin synthesis, is pyridoxine-dependent. Niacin deficiency (pellagra) can cause mental changes including psychosis and hallucinations [Wilson, Vitamin deficiency and excess, pp.472-480. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, (Scriber et al. e's.) McGraw-Hill, Inc., N.Y. (1994)]. Also, clozapine, resperidone, and olanzapine are thought to exert their antipsychotic effect in schizophrenia in part through serotonin receptor antagonism.

Gene Localization Studies in Schizophrenia and Folate/Cobalamine/Pyridoxine Genes: If folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine genes are susceptibility factors for schizophrenia, it is possible that gene localization studies have already identified candidate chromosome regions that contain such a gene (Tables 3, 5, and 7). For three folate or cobalamin genes, DHFR, TCNII and TYMS, there is excellent concordance with schizophrenia gene localization studies.

On chromosome 5, DHFR has been located at 5q11.22-13.2. A schizophrenia translocation [t(1;5)(1q32.3;5q11.2-13.3)] was reported [McGillivray et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 35:10-13 (1990); Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)] affecting 5q11.2-5q13.3. A proband and uncle, both with schizophrenia and eye-tracking abnormalities, had partial trisomy for 5q11.2-5q13.3; the third copy was inserted at lq32.3 giving a derivative chromosome, der(1)inv ins(1;5)(q32.2; q13.3q11.2). The proband's mother had a balanced translocation but was phenotypically normal without schizophrenia or eye-tracking abnormalities. She had the derivative chromosome 1 with extra material from chromosome 5 inserted but a corresponding deletion in one of her chromosomes 5. She thus had only two copies of 5q11.2-5q13.3. Further studies [Gilliam et al., Genomics, 5:940-944 (1989)] showed that the DHFR gene is located within this deleted region, 5q11.2-13.3. Another schizophrenia chromosome abnormality, inv5(p13;q13), has been reported [Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)] affecting 5q13.

On chromosome 5, two-point lod scores of 4.64 and 2.29 were found [Sherrington et al., Nature, 336:164-167 (1988)] for the polymorphic markers D5S76 and D5S39 respectively in the region of the chromosome abnormality just discussed [McGillivray et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 35:10-13 (1990); Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)] affecting 5q11.2-13.3. Two other linkage studies found small positive lod scores in this region [Coon et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 34:277-289 (1993); Kendler and Diehl, Schizophr. Bull., 19:261-285 (1993)], but numerous other studies excluded this region under the assumptions and models used [Kendler and Diehl, Schizophr. Bull., 19:261-285 (1993)].

On chromosome 18, TYMS has been located at 18p11.32-p11.22. A ring chromosome with deletion of 18pter-p11, 18q23-qter [Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)] was reported in a kindred with schizophrenia and bipolar illness [Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)]. Deletion of a segment of 18p was reported in a schizophrenia chromosome [Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)].

On chromosome 22, TCNII has been located at 22q11.2-q13, possibly at the 22q12/13 border. High lod scores have consistently been obtained in the region of TCNII: IL2RB, in 22q12-q13.1 gave a lod score [Pulver et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 54:3-43 (1994)] of 2.82. Other markers over a broad region of 22q have given suggestive lod scores. D22S278, in 22q12, gave a lod score [Vallada et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 60:139-146 (1995)] of 1.51. CRYB2, in 22q11.2-q12.1, gave a lod score [Lasseter et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 60:172-173 (1995)] of 1.71. D22S10, in 22q11.1-q11.2, gave a lod score [Coon et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 34:277-289 (1993)] of 0.79. Highly significant p-values for non-parametric analyses have also been obtained: D22S278, in 22q12, for example gave p=0.001 [Gill et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 67:40-45 (1996)].

The deletions of velocardiofacial (VCF) syndrome and related disorders (DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and CATCH22) are located [Lindsay et al., Genomics, 32:104-112 (1996)] at 22q11.2. A psychotic disorder develops in about 10% of patients with VCF syndrome [Chow et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 54:107-112 (1994)]. TCNII is not known to be located at or within these deletions. VCF and related disorders are relatively uncommon compared to schizophrenia; only 2 of 100 randomly selected patients (92 schizophrenics, 5 with schizoaffective disorder, and 3 with schizophreniform disorder) in the Maryland Epidemiological Sample were found [Lindsay et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet., 56:1502-1503 (1995)] to have VCF-related deletions (and later VCF syndrome) on 22q11.2. Consequently, it is not clear whether schizophrenia linkage studies are detecting a haplotype related to a VCS locus or some other locus in this region, such as TCNII.

For some other folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine relevant genes, physical or genetic studies of schizophrenia have identified chromosomal regions near the gene.

DISCUSSION

The folate-cobalamin hypothesis for schizophrenia is attractive because it suggests that a single mechanism of genetic and environmental factors may play a major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The combined result of this mechanism is to damage fetal development, especially brain development by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, by affecting gene methylations, by increasing susceptibility to infection, and/or by producing teratogens.

This mechanism addresses several puzzling features of schizophrenia such as the season of birth effect, the association with famine and influenza epidemics, the negative association with rheumatoid arthritis, the associations with obstetrical abnormalities, social class, and urban environment. The mechanism also suggests approaches to diagnostic testing, to prevention, and to improved therapy.

It is not excluded that such a mechanism could also apply to a number of common human developmental disorders that have been shown to have a genetic component to their etiology but whose mode of inheritance has been difficult to determine and for which linkage studies have met with unexpected difficulties or have achieved limited success. These developmental disorders include Tourette's syndrome & related disorders (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic multiple tics syndrome) [Pauls, Adv Neurol, 58:151-157 (1992); McMahon et al., Adv Neurol, 58:159-165 (1992); Heutink et al., Am J Hum Genet, 57:465-473 (1995); Grice et al., Am J Hum Genet, 59:644-652 (1996)], learning disorders, including dyslexia [Lewis, et al., Behav Genet, 23:291-297 (1993); Pennington, J Child Aeurol 10 Suppl, 1:S69-S77 (1995)], conduct disorder [Lombroso et al., J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [Lombroso et al., 1994, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], bipolar illness [Baron, Acta. Psychiatr. Scand., 92:81-86 (1995); Benjamin and Gershon, Biol. Psychiatry, 40:313-316 (1996); Risch and Botstein, Nature Genet., 12:351-353 (1996); Jamison and McInnis, Nature Med., 2:521-522 (1996); Morell, Science, 272:31-32 (1996)], autism [Lombroso et al., 1994, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)], and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults [Lombroso et al., 1994, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 33:921-938 (1994)]. Some of these disorders have been shown to be associated with schizophrenia.

The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting limiting Examples, which is provided as exemplary of the invention. The following Examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate one embodiment of the invention. It should in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 DIAGNOSING SCHIZOPHRENIA

Structure of Datafiles

Data are arranged in a file suitable for input into a binary logistic regression program (Table 8). A model is created consisting of those explanatory variables actually available from the specific patient-to-be-diagnosed and family members participating in the testing. This new combined data set (reference data set+data from patient-to-be-diagnosed with participating family members) is analyzed by binary logistic regression for the model chosen giving the predicted probability that a proband is affected with schizophrenia for all of the probands including the patient-to-be-diagnosed.

The model can be modified if required. The goodness of fit for the patient-to-be-diagnosed is checked. The predicted probability that the patient-to-be-diagnosed has schizophrenia is compared with a classification table generated from the model used to determine likelihood of false positives and false negatives. The predicted probability that the patient-to-be-diagnosed is affected with schizophrenia, with likelihood of false positive or false negative result, is returned to the clinician.

TABLE 8 A HYPOTHETICAL PARTIAL REFERENCE DATA SET OF GENETIC EXPLANATORY VARIABLES TO ILLUSTRATE DATA STRUCTURE ID resp P111 P112 P211 P212 M111 M112 M311 F511 S2-411 CA1-111 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 11 . . . n For each proband (Table 8), the record contains several variables: identification number (ID) of the proband. a binary response variable (resp) for affection status of the proband: response = 1, if the proband is affected with schizophrenia; response = 0 if proband is unaffected (i.e. a control individual). The proband is not necessarily one of the individuals for whom genotype data (explanatory variables) are available. The patient-to-be-diagnosed is assigned response = 0 when added to the reference data set. a set of explanatory variables: i.e. sets of genotypes of mutations found in the schizophrenia patients and family members and controls and family members. The schizophrenia patients and the control individuals are probands (P) as is the patient-to-be-diagnosed. Unaffected family members are the proband's mother (M), father (F), sib(s) (S1, S2, etc.), child(ren) (C1, C2, etc.) or other relatives. Data for affected family members, e.g. the proband's mother (MA), father (FA), sibs (SA1,# SA2, etc.), explanatory variables.

Genetic explanatory variables: Each individual has 0, 1, or 2 copies of any given mutation allele at a given locus. Thus a genotype at each locus contributes two independent explanatory variables. Most of the affected family members will be relatives of schizophrenia probands, but occasionally a relative of an unaffected proband will turn out to be affected with schizophrenia.

Mutations are tabulated as explanatory variables: (see Table 8):

(i) by the proband or relative in whom they occur, (e.g. P, M, F, S2, C1, MA, FA, SA1, CA1, other);

(ii) by the specific folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine gene locus in which they occur (e.g. 1 =DHFR locus, 2=MTHFR locus, 3=TCN2 locus, 4=MTR locus, 5=CBS locus, etc.);

(iii) by the specific mutation within a locus (e.g., 1 =the first-designated mutation within a locus, 2=the second-designated mutation within a locus, etc.); and

(iv) by whether the individual has a single or double dose of the mutation. Thus an explanatory variable P321 records whether the proband has a single dose of the second-designated mutation of the third-designated locus, i.e. TCN2. A variable M312 records whether the proband's mother has a double dose of the first-designated TCN2 mutation studied.

In the present hypothetical reference dataset illustrated of genetic explanatory variables (Table 8), partial genotype data for probands, mothers, fathers, sibs and children are given for five gene loci. Not all of the possible explanatory variables are shown. Probands 1-5 are unrelated individuals with the definite clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia; probands 6-10 are unrelated unaffected (control) individuals. Probands 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 all have a single copy of the first-designated DHFR mutation; proband 3 also has a second copy of that mutation. Probands 1, 3, 5 and 8 all have a single copy of the first-designated mutation at the MTHFR locus; probands 1 and 5 also have a second copy of that mutation. Mothers of probands 1, , 5, 9 and 10 all have a single copy of the first-designated DHFR mutation; mothers of probands 1 and 5 also have a second copy of this mutation. Mothers of probands 4 and 7 each have a single copy of the first-designated mutation of TCN2; data for a double dose are not shown. The fathers of probands 2, 3, and 8 each have a single copy of the first designated mutation of CBS; data for a double dose are not shown. The second (unaffected) sibs of probands 1, 3, 8, 9, and 10 each have a single copy of the first-designated mutation of MTR; data for a double dose are not shown. The first affected children of probands 1, 3, 5, and 9 each have a single copy of the first-designated mutation of DHFR. Other susceptibility loci and mutations can be incorporated in Table 8 in the same fashion e.g., cytokine gene mutations or polymorphisms, or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mutations or polymorphisms.

Environmental explanatory variables: If only genetic explanatory variables (genotype data) are used, the maximum predicted probability that the proband is affected with schizophrenia is expected to be approximately about 0.5 in most populations. When environmental risk factors are included as explanatory variables, the maximum predicted probability that the proband is affected with schizophrenia may approach 1.0. Examples of environmental risk factors for a schizophrenia patient include:

(1) the proband's dietary folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine intake.

(2) the proband's circulating levels of folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine.

(3) the proband's circulating levels of homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, or cystathionine. Elevated levels are indicators of subtle folate/cobalamin deficiency.

(4) the proband's mother's dietary folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine intake at the time of patient diagnosis, during a pregnancy, or during the pregnancy that produced the proband.

(5) the proband's mother's circulating levels of homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, or cystathionine at the time of patient diagnosis, during a pregnancy, or during the pregnancy that produced the proband.

(6) dietary or circulating folate/cobalamin/pyridoxine or circulating levels of homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, or cystathionine for other family members.

(7) epidemiological factors related to the proband's gestation and birth, e.g. low birth weight or preterm birth, maternal infection, maternal smoking (associated with low plasma folate), season of birth (late winter or spring births are more common in schizophrenia), etc.

Method of Data Analysis

The method exemplified herein is based upon the published guide for the SAS system, but other software can be used. The dataset is analyzed using binary logistic regression to model the response probability, p_(i), that the ith proband's affection status is 1, i.e. the probability that the ith proband has schizophrenia, given the vector of explanatory variables, x_(i). That is:

p_(i)=Prob (y_(i=)1|x_(i)).

To do this the logit transformation of p^(i) is modeled as a linear function of the explanatory variables in the vector, x_(i):

logit (p_(i))=log (p_(i)/[1−p_(i)])=alpha+beta′x_(i)

where: alpha is the intercept parameter and

beta is the vector of slope parameters.

In SAS, the “descending” option is used to model the probability that the response=1, as in the present analysis, rather than response=0.

Outputs of binary logistic regression analysis

After analysis of a dataset, the outputs obtained from SAS include:

(a) Estimates and standard errors of the parameters (alpha and beta). Using estimates of the intercept parameter (alpha) and the slope parameter (beta) for each environmental or genetic risk factor, the logistic regression equation for the dataset can be written.

(b) Significance tests of the parameters (e.g. Wald chi-square). From the corresponding p-values, the level of significance of each of the environmental or genetic risk factors is determined. A global significance test of the data with corresponding p-value is also determined.

(c) Odds ratios are given for the slope parameters of each environmental or genetic risk factor. Thus the amount contributed by each environmental or genetic risk factor to the risk of schizophrenia is determined.

(d) The confidence limits for regression parameters and odds ratios are determined.

(e) The predicted probabilities of the observations can be computed, i.e. the probability that each individual in the dataset has schizophrenia:

alpha˜=estimate of the intercept parameter;

beta˜=vector of the estimates of the slope parameters;

x=vector of the explanatory variables;

p˜=predicted probabilities ${p \sim} = \frac{1}{1 + {\exp \left( {\text{alpha} \sim {- \text{beta}} \sim^{\prime}x} \right)}}$

(f) model is modified by adding or removing variables until a model is found that best fits the data;

(g) The model is tested for goodness-of-fit. Also, the degree of influence of each specific observation is tested to detect extreme or ill-fitting observations. These may be examples of data entry errors or alternatively, observations that do not fit the present model for schizophrenia.

(h) The probability that a new individual (the patient-to-be-diagnosed) is schizophrenic is then calculated from the final, modified, best fitting regression equation based upon parameters derived from a corrected/modified data set. A simple method of doing this is to add the data for the patient-to-be-diagnosed to the reference data set, a large group of well-studied schizophrenia probands, schizophrenia family members, control probands and control family members for whom data are available for many explanatory variables. A model is created consisting of those informative explanatory variables actually available from the specific patient-to-be-diagnosed and family members participating in the testing. This new combined data set (reference data set+data from patient-to-be-diagnosed with participating family members) is analyzed by binary logistic regression for the model chosen giving the predicted probability that a proband is affected with schizophrenia for all of the probands including the patient-to-be-diagnosed.

(i) A classification table is produced from the data set by the “jack knifing” procedure or an approximation to it. This procedure classifies each observation as an event or nonevent based on the model that omits the observation being classified. A classification table sorts observations into percent correct, percent false positives, and percent false negatives at various probability levels and computes sensitivity and specificity.

(i) The data set used for diagnostic testing is constantly being updated and the regression equation corrected. For example, stratification by geographic residence or geographic origin of ancestors must be considered for some environmental or genetic risk factor.

For example, in Table 9, entries 34-43 are shown for the data file containing genotypes of 38 schizophrenic probands plus 211 control probands; the first 38 are the affected probands. For individual 302088, the proband is affected (“1”); there is a single dose (“1”) of the DHFR mutation but not a double dose (“0”) and a single dose (“1”) of the MTHFR mutation but not a double dose (“0”). The number 302088 identifies the individual whose genotypes are listed; the proband, in this case, is the same individual.

TABLE 9 SAS DATAFILE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS AND CONTROLS . . . . . . 34 302086 1 1 0 1 1 35 302088 1 1 0 1 0 36 302110 1 1 0 1 0 37 302111 1 1 0 0 0 38 302136 1 1 1 1 0 39 100001 0 1 0 0 0 40 100061 0 0 0 0 0 41 100064 0 1 0 1 0 42 100067 0 0 0 1 0 43 100073 0 1 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .

In Table 10, entries 31-40 are shown for thie data file containing genotypes of 35 mothers of schizophrenic probands plus (the same) 211 control probands. For individual 302083, the proband is affected (“1”); there is a single dose of the DHFR mutation (“1”) but not a double dose (“0”); there is neither a single (“0”) nor a double (“0”) dose of the MTHFR mutation. The number 302083 identifies the individual whose genotypes are listed, a mother; the proband, in this case, is a different individual, her affected child.

TABLE 10 SAS DATAFILE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA MOTHERS AND CONTROLS . . . . . . 31 302083 1 1 0 0 0 32 302103 1 0 0 1 0 33 302104 1 0 0 1 0 34 302105 1 1 0 1 0 35 302120 1 0 0 0 0 36 100001 0 1 0 0 0 37 100061 0 0 0 0 0 38 100064 0 1 0 1 0 39 100067 0 0 0 1 0 40 100073 0 1 0 0 0 . . . . . .

In Table 11, entries 11-20 are shown for the data file containing genotypes of 15 fathers of schizophrenic probands plus (the same) 211 control probands. For individual 302084, the proband is affected (“1”); there is a single dose (“1”) but not a double dose (“0”) of the DHFR mutation; there is both a single (“1”) and a double dose (“1”) of the MTHFR mutation. The number 302084 identifies the individual whose genotypes are listed, a father; the proband, in this case, is a different individual, his affected child.

TABLE 11 SAS DATAFILE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA FATHERS AND CONTROLS . . . . . . 11 302102 1 0 0 0 0 12 302106 1 1 0 0 0 13 302115 1 1 0 0 0 14 302117 1 1 0 0 0 15 302084 1 1 0 1 1 16 100001 0 1 0 0 0 17 100061 0 0 0 0 0 18 100064 0 1 0 1 0 19 100067 0 0 0 1 0 20 100073 0 1 0 0 0 . . . . . .

In Tables 9-12 for individual 100061, the proband is unaffected (“0”); there is neither a single dose (“0”) nor a double dose (“0”) of the DRFR mutation; thiere is neither a single dose (“0”) nor a double dose (“0”) of the MTHFR mutation. Since the proband is unaffected, this is a control individual. The number 100061 identifies the individual whose genotypes are listed, as a control individual; the proband, in this case, is the samne individual. The identical group of control individuals is used for all four comparisons.

EXAMPLE 2 Distribution of Folate Gene Polymorphism Genotypes Among Schizophrenics, Schizophrenia Parents, Schizophrenia Sibs, and Controls

Summary

The DNA polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development hypothesis (DDCD hypothesis, described above) postulates that schizophrenia results in part from developmental brain damage sustained in utero from the aggregate effect of maternal defects of genes related to important cofactors, e.g. folate, cobalamin, pyridoxine, potentiated by a maternal dietary deficiency of these cofactors. The maternal damage to the fetus results in part from insufficiency of these cofactors themselves and in part from resulting effects such as immune deficiency and maternal teratogens, e.g. hyperhomocysteinemia. Genes from either parent acting in the fetus may modify these damaging effects as outlined in the gene-teratogen model (described above).

The hypothesis addresses all of the unusual biological and epidemiological features of schizophrenia: e.g. the decreased amount of grey matter in brain areas, the unusual birth-month effect, the geographical differences in incidence, the socioeconomic predilection, the association with obstetrical abnormalities (low birth weight and prematurity), the decreased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis, and the association with viral epidemics (described above).

The hypothesis can be supported by finding significant association of sequence variants of folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine genes with schizophrenia. Folate, cobalamin, and pyridoxine absorption, transport, and metabolism are complex [Rosenblatt, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 3111-3128 (1995); Benton and Rosenberg, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 3129-3149 (1995); Whyte et al., Hypophosphatasia, In: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Scriver et al. (eds), New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 4095-4111] with multiple transport proteins, enzymes, and regulatory components. A strong candidate for harboring a mutation predisposing to schizophrenia is the DHFR gene coding for the folate enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. DHFR chemically reduces dietary folate converting it into a form that can enter cellular metabolism. DHFR is also important for DNA synthesis and is known to play a major role in development in utero. A novel polymorphic 19 basepair deletion of the DHFR gene has been isolated which could be of functional significance because it affects potential transcription factor binding sites.

A second candidate is the MTHFR gene, coding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR, an important enzyme of folate metabolism. MTHFR was of particular interest because severe deficiency of enzyme activity has been associated with the “schizophrenia” phenotype [Freeman et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 292:491-496 (1975); Regland et al., J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect., 98:143-152 (1994)] and because a common mutation, the nt677 C->T transition results in a mutated gene that encodes a heat-labile MTHFR, having decreased enzymatic activity, which in the presence of dietary folate deficiency, causes the plasma homocysteine of homozygotes to become elevated [van der Put et al., Lancet., 346:1070-1071 (1995); Frosst et al., Nature Genet., 10:111-113 (1995)]. In adults, hyperhomocysteinemia is known to cause vascular disease and to be toxic [Frosst et al., Nature Genet., 10:111-113 (1995)]. Therefore, homocysteine that crosses the placenta could act as a fetal teratogen during pregnancy. Maternal folate deficiency could also have a more direct teratogenic effect through fetal folate deprivation. These effects could be potentiated by abnormalities of other folate, cobalamin, or pyridoxine genes, even if these abnormalities were only minor.

Materials & Methods:

1. Subjects and Sample Collection: Patients with schizophrenia and unaffected family members of schizophrenics, were ascertained from patient facilities, patient support groups, and family support group organizations. Nearly all schizophrenia families had only a single case of schizophrenia. The patients came from different schizophrenia families than the parents and sibs. The controls were unaffected and unrelated individuals not known to be schizophrenic or related to patients with schizophrenia or spina bifida. All subjects were of Caucasian background except two of the schizophrenia patients who were of African American background.

After informed consent was obtained, 20-40 ml of blood was collected into EDTA (purple-top) vacutainers, placed on ice immediately, and transported to the laboratory where plasma, packed red cells, and buffy coat were separated by centrifugation and frozen at −80° C.

2. Detection of Alleles: DNA was isolated using the QIAmp column DNA extraction procedure or the QIAGEN Genomic-tip method (QIAGEN, Chatsworth, Calif.). Alleles for a newly detected polymorphic 19 bp deletion in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the region surrounding the deletion using specific primers (FIG. 1) and direct detection of the PCR products after separation of products on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. A Cetus—Perkin-Elmer 9600 thermocycler was used. Briefly, the PCR reaction contained 200 uM dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 pmols of each primer, in 10 μl reaction volume. The PCR conditions used were denaturation at 94° C. for 6 min. initially, followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 55 sec., 60° C. for 55 sec., and 72° C. for 55 sec. and a final extension at 72° C. for 12 min.

Alleles for the 677C->T transition of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene were determined by cleavage with the restriction endonuclease, Hinfl, of PCR-amplified genomic DNA from blood and separation of the products by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [Frosst et al., Nature Genet., 10:111-113 (1995)].

3. Sequencing the Region Around the DHFR Deletion: Using the same primers (FIG. 1), genomic DNA from individuals with 1,1 and 2,2 genotypes was amplified by PCR and the products sequenced using an ABI PRISM 377 automated sequencer. Restriction sites were identified using the MAP Program in the GCG Package. Potential transcription factor binding sites were detected with the TESS program (transcription element search software, URL:http://agave. humgen.upenn. edu/tess/index. html).

4. Data Analysis: Since the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia is unknown, binary logistic regression was used to test the DHFR deletion allele and the MTHFR heat-labile allele as genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Either the DHFR deletion polymorphism or the MTHFR heat-labile allele could itself be a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. The genotypes of the two folate gene polymorphisms were used as explanatory variables. Genotypes of schizophrenia patients, parents, or sibs were compared with those of controls.

Four files were constructed consisting of schizophrenia patients+controls, mothers of schizophrenia patients+controls, fathers of schizophrenia patients+controls, and sibs of schizophrenia patients+controls for input into the SAS System. Each dataset contained 6 variables. In order, these were:

1. six digit identification (ID) number;

2. response variable, i.e. affection status of the proband (0 =unaffected, i. e. control individual; 1=affected, i. e. schizophrenia patient);

3. DHFR mutation-single dose (Ds);

4. DHFR mutation-double dose (Dd);

5. MTHFR mutation-single dose (Ms); and

6. MTHFR mutation-double dose (Md).

For mutation data, 0=mutation absent, 1=mutation present.

Results

Alleles of the DHFR 19 bp Deletion Polymorphism: Amplification of the region of intron 1 of DHFR defmed by the primers in FIG. 1 gave two polymorphic bands of 232 and 213 bp after separation on a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel (FIG. 2). Sequencing the PCR products from the two homozygotes showed that they differed by 19 bp (FIG. 3). The upper and lower bands (FIG. 2), non-deletion allele and deletion allele respectively, were designated alleles 1 and 2 respectively. Comparison with two published sequences showed that allele 1 was identical with one of them [Yang et al. J. Mol. Biol. 176:169-187 (1984)] indicating that allele 2 resulted from a 19 bp deletion. The other published sequence [Chen et al. J. Biol. Chem. 259:3933-3943 (1984)] was lacking one base pair of allele 1, an A indicated by “*” in FIG. 3. It is possible that this shorter reference sequence [Chen et al. J. Biol. Chem. 259:3933-3943 (1984)] resulted from a sequencing artifact.

Sequences in the 19 bp Deleted Region of DHFR Intron 1: The 19bp sequence in the deleted region (FIG. 3) of DHFR intron 1 contained sites for several restriction enzymes including Rsal and ScrFI, and potential binding sites for transcription factors including Sp1, NF-kappaB, CP1 (NF-Y), E2F, ETF and GCF in the 19 base pair region.

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis: The number of individuals with each genotype of the two polymorphisms among 38 unrelated schizophrenia probands, 35 unrelated mothers of schizophrenia probands, 15 unrelated fathers of schizophrenia probands, 13 unrelated unaffected sibs of schizophrenia probands, and 211 unrelated unaffected control probands is shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF DHFR AND MTHFR MUTATION GENOTYPES AND ALLELES AMONG CONTROLS, SCHIZOPHRENICS, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA FAMILY MEMBERS GenTyp Schizophrenia P M F S Ctrl DHFR 19 bp deletion polymorphism: 1/1 6 (.16) 10 (.29) 4 (.27) 4 (.31) 56 (.26) 1/2 22 (.58) 13 (.37) 11 (.73) 8 (.61) 115 (.54) 2/2 10 (.26) 12 (.34) 0 (0.0) 1 (.08) 40 (.19) total 38 (1.00) 35 (1.00) 15 (1.00) 13 (1.00) 211 (.99) MTHFR 677C −> T transition polymorphism: 1/1 14 (.37) 16 (.46) 11 (.73) 4 (.31) 103 (.49) 1/2 18 (.47) 18 (.51) 3 (.20) 8 (.61) 78 (.37) 2/2 6 (.16) 1 (.03) 1 (.07) 1 (.08) 30 (.14) total 38 (1.00) 35 (1.00) 15 (1.00) 13 (1.00) 211 (1.00) P = schizophrenia patients; M = mothers of schizophrenia patients; F = fathers of schizophrenia patients; S = unaffected sibs of schizophrenia patients; Ctrl = control individuals.

The four data files were analyzed using the logistic procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 1995) and the “descending” option, which modeled the probability that RESPONSE=1, that is, the probability that the proband was affected with schizophrenia. Note that the proband was not always the individual whose genotype data were used. For example, genotype data for mothers of schizophrenic probands were used to determine the probability that their children, the probands, were affected. Use of the “best” model selection options for logistic analysis in SAS gave the best models for two and three explanatory variables, (Table 14).

TABLE 14 BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION RESULTS GENETIC RISK FACTOR Odds Ratio (p value) MODEL: Ds Dd Ms Md Schizophrenia Patients Ds OR(p) 1.937 (.18) Dd OR(p) 1.263 (.59) Ms OR(p) 1.775 (.14) Md OR(p) 0.914 (.86) Mothers of Schizophrenia Patients Ds OR(p) 0.630 (.31) Dd OR(p) 2.653 (.028)* Ms OR(p) 1.439 (.34) Md OR(p) 0.143 (.065) Fathers of Schizophrenia Patients Ds OR(p) 1.178 (.79) Dd OR(p) 0.000 (.96) Ms OR(p) 0.366 (.14) Md OR(p) 0.841 (.88) Unaffected Sibs of Schizophrenia Patients Ds OR(p) 1.104 (.88) Dd OR(p) 0.337 (.31) Ms OR(p) 2.688 (.12) Md OR(p) 0.317 (.29) Notes For Table 14 DHFR 19 bp deletion: Ds = single dose; Dd = double dose MTHFR 677C −> T mutation: Ms = single dose; Md = double dose

Logistic regression model:

Model with four explanatory variables (Ms, Md, Ds and Dd).

OR(p)=odds ratio and the corresponding p-value for that odds ratio determination *=significant at the p<0.05 level.

0.000 odds ratios occurred since none of the fathers of schizophrenia patients had genotype Dd; there was a possibly quasi- complete separation in the sample points; the maximum likelihood estimate may not exist; and therefore validity of the model fit for these odds ratios was questionable.

The comparison of mothers of schizophrenia probands with control probands was statistically significant. Ds was not a significant genetic risk factor. Neither Ms nor Md in mothers was a significant genetic risk factor. However, the p-value for Md decreased and approached significance (p=0.065) at the p<0.05 level.

Predicted Probabilities of the Various Genotypes: The “probs predicted” modality of SAS, gave the predicted probability that the proband was affected with schizophrenia (response=1) given genotype data for control probands and schizophrenia patients (probands), mothers of schizophrenia probands, fathers of schizophrenia probands, or sibs of schizophrenia probands. The maximum probabilities obtained are shown in Table 15. The highest maximum predicted probability that the proband was affected was obtained for genotype data from mothers of schizophrenia probands, next for schizophrenia probands, next for fathers of schizophrenia probands, and lowest for sibs of schizophrenia probands.

TABLE 15 MAXIMUM PREDICTED PROBABILITY Model P M F S Ds Dd Ms Md 0.24 0.29 0.12 0.11 Model and explanatory variables are the same as in Table 14.

Determination of Genotypes Conferring the Highest Risk: The predicted probabilities that the proband was affected with schizophrenia given specific genotypes of control probands and schizophrenia probands, mothers of schizophrenia probands, fathers of schizophrenia probands, or sibs of schizophrenia probands were determined using the model containing all four explanatory variables (Table 16). The predicted probabilities that the proband was affected with schizophrenia were highest for maternal genotypes (Table 15). The maternal genotype with the highest risk was Dd Ms, conferring a probability of 0.29 of schizophrenia in the proband (Table 16). The Dd Ms genotype also gave the highest predicted probability, 0.24, for schizophrenia patients.

TABLE 16 PREDICTED PROBABILITIES FOR SPECIFIC GENOTYPES Model: Ds Dd Ms Md Predicted Predicted Genotype Probability Genotype Probability Schizophrenia Patients: Dnull + Mnull 0.07 Ds + Ms 0.20 Dnull + Ms 0.12 Ds + Md 0.19 Dnull + Md 0.11 Dd + Ms 0.24 Ds + Mnull 0.12 Dd + Md 0.23 Dd + Mnull 0.15 Mothers of Schizophrenia Patients: Dnull + Mnull 0.16 Ds + Ms 0.13 Dnull + Ms 0.20 Ds + Md 0.02 Dnull + Md 0.03 Dd + Ms 0.29 Dd + Mnull 0.22 Dd + Md 0.06 Ds + Mnull 0.10 Fathers of Schizophrenia Patients: Dnull + Mnull 0.10 Ds + Ms 0.05 Dnull + Ms 0.04 Ds + Md 0.04 Dnull + Md 0.03 Dd + Ms 0.0 Ds + Mnull 0.12 Dd + Md 0.0 Dd + Mnull 0.0 Unaffected Sibs of Schizophrenia Patients: Dnull + Mnull 0.04 Ds + Ms 0.11 Dnull + Ms 0.10 Ds + Md 0.04 Dnull + Md 0.03 Dd + Ms 0.04 Ds + Mnull 0.04 Dd + Md 0.01 Dd + Mnull 0.02 Genotypes consist of the same explanatory variables described in Table 14 except that Dnull has no copy of the DHFR deletion and Mnull has no copy of the MTHFR 677C −> T variant. Odds ratios of 0.0 were unsatisfactory as described in Table 14.

DISCUSSION

Structure and Function of the DHFR 19 bp Deletion Polymorphism: DHFR polymorphisms have been reported previously [Feder et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15:5906 (1987); Detera-Wadleigh et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 17:6432 (1989)]. It is known that introns are important for message regulation e.g., splicing, or as sites for binding transcription factors. Since the first intron is a relatively common location for regulatory elements, it is possible that the deleted region of DHFR intron 1 could play a role in regulation of DHFR or that the deletion could be a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia because it removes potential transcription factor binding sites. Abnormalities of transcription factors and their binding sites may play a role in disease. For example, a polymorphic Spl binding site in the collagen type I alpha 1 gene has been associated with reduced bone density and osteoporosis [Grant et al., Nature Genet. 14:203-205 (1996)].

The Nature of the Putative Folate Genetic Risk Factors for Schizophrenia: Dd in the mother of a schizophrenia proband conferred significantly increased risk of schizophrenia in her child (Table 14). The findings that Dd was a genetic risk factor in mothers but not fathers of schizophrenia probands (Table 15) and that Dd in mothers gave a higher predicted probability than in schizophrenia patients, fathers or sibs (Tables 15 and 16) was consistent with the role of DHFR as a teratogenic locus according to the gene-teratogen model (described above). The finding that a double dose but not a single dose of the DHFR deletion in mothers was a genetic risk factor (Table 16) supported a recessive mode of action in the mother. A teratogenic locus acting in the mother can also act as a modifying or specificity locus in the fetus.

Neither Ms nor Md in mothers of schizophrenia probands showed statistical significance as genetic risk factors for schizophrenia in probands (Table 14). However Md in mothers approached statistical significance (p=0.065) and appeared to be protective (odds ratio 0.14), while Ms in mothers appeared to increase risk modestly (odds ratio 1.44, p=0.34).

Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Schizophrenia: Since the probability that a schizophrenia co-twin is also affected is reported [Gottesman, Schizophrenia Genesis, Schizophrenia Genesis- The Origins of Madness, W. H. Freeman & Co. N.Y.(1991)] to be only 48%, a large part of the risk for schizophrenia would be anticipated to come from environmental factors. Therefore, some controls should have the genetic risk factors for schizophrenia but not be affected with schizophrenia. In the present data set, 6 of 35 schizophrenia mothers and 7 of 38 schizophrenia patients had Dd Ms, the genotype conferring the highest risk, compared with 15 of 211 controls. Since this genotype gave predicted probabilities of schizophrenia in probands of 0.29 and 0.24 respectively, polymorphisms of DHFR and MTHFR could account for a considerable portion of the genetic component of the risk of schizophrenia.

Relation of DHFR to Cytogenetic and Linkage Data for Schizophrenia: As discussed above, the DHFR gene has been located on chromosome 5 at 5q11.2-13.2. A schizophrenia translocation was reported (McGillivray et al. 1990; Bassett, 1992) affecting 5q11.2-5q13.3. Also two-point lod scores of 4.64 and 2.29 were found [Sherrington et al., Nature, 336:164-167 (1988)] for the polymorphic markers D5576 and D5539 respectively on chromosome 5, in this region [McGillivray et al., Am. J. Med. Genet., 35:10-13 (1990); Bassett, Br. J. Psychiatry, 161:323-334 (1992)]. Two other linkage studies found small positive lod scores in this region [Coon et al., Biol. Psychiatry, 34:277-289 (1993); Kendler and Diehl, Schizophr. Bull., 19:261-285 (1993)], but numerous other studies excluded this region under the assumptions and models used [Kendler and Diehl, Schizophr. Bull., 19:261-285 (1993)]. Recently, new studies have found suggestive evidence for a potential susceptibility locus at a different region of 5q, 5q31 [Schwab et al., Nat. Genet. 11:325-327 (1997)] and 5q22-31 [Straub et al., Molec Psychiatr. 2:148-155 (1997)].

The case-control study presented herein illustrates the usefulness of the DNA polymorphism-Diet-Cofactor-Development and the gene-teratogen models described above. More importantly, the results presented herein, clearly fail to reject the specific models, i.e., that folate gene polymorphisms can play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various publications in addition to the immediately foregoing are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

46 1 2187 DNA Homo sapiens 1 gccatggtga acgaagccag aggaaacagc agcctcaacc cctgcttgga gggcagtgcc 60 agcagtggca gtgagagctc caaagatagt tcgagatgtt ccaccccggg cctggaccct 120 gagcggcatg agagactccg ggagaagatg aggcggcgat tggaatctgg tgacaagtgg 180 ttctccctgg aattcttccc tcctcgaact gctgagggag ctgtcaatct catctcaagg 240 tttgaccgga tggcagcagg tggccccctc tacatagacg tgacctggca cccagcaggt 300 gaccctggct cagacaagga gacctcctcc atgatgatcg ccagcaccgc cgtgaactac 360 tgtggcctgg agaccatcct gcacatgacc tgctgccgtc agcgcctgga ggagatcacg 420 ggccatctgc acaaagctaa gcagctgggc ctgaagaaca tcatggcgct gcggggagac 480 ccaataggtg accagtggga agaggaggag ggaggcttca actacgcagt ggacctggtg 540 aagcacatcc gaagtgagtt tggtgactac tttgacatct gtgtggcagg ttaccccaaa 600 ggccaccccg aagcagggag ctttgaggct gacctgaagc acttgaagga gaaggtgtct 660 gcgggagccg atttcatcat cacgcagctt ttctttgagg ctgacacatt cttccgcttt 720 gtgaaggcat gcaccgacat gggcatcact tgccccatcg tccccgggat ctttcccatc 780 cagggctacc actcccttcg gcagcttgtg aagctgtcca agctggaggt gccacaggag 840 atcaaggacg tgattgagcc aatcaaagac aacgatgctg ccatccgcaa ctatggcatc 900 gagctggccg tgagcctgtg ccaggagctt ctggccagtg gcttggtgcc aggcctccac 960 ttctacaccc tcaaccgcga gatggctacc acagaggtgc tgaagcgcct ggggatgtgg 1020 actgaggacc ccaggcgtcc cctaccctgg gctctcagtg cccaccccaa gcgccgagag 1080 gaagatgtac gtcccatctt ctgggcctcc agaccaaaga gttacatcta ccgtacccag 1140 gagtgggacg agttccctaa cggccgctgg ggcaattcct cttcccctgc ctttggggag 1200 ctgaaggact actacctctt ctacctgaag agcaagtccc ccaaggagga gctgctgaag 1260 atgtgggggg aggagctgac cagtgaagca agtgtctttg aagtctttgt tctttacctc 1320 tcgggagaac caaaccggaa tggtcacaaa gtgacttgcc tgccctggaa cgatgagccc 1380 ctggcggctg agaccagcct gctgaaggag gagctgctgc gggtgaaccg ccagggcatc 1440 ctcaccatca actcacagcc caacatcaac gggaagccgt cctccgaccc catcgtgggc 1500 tggggcccca gcgggggcta tgtcttccag aaggcctact tagagttttt cacttcccgc 1560 gagacagcgg aagcacttct gcaagtgctg aagaagtacg agctccgggt taattaccac 1620 cttgtcaatg tgaagggtga aaacatcacc aatgcccctg aactgcagcc gaatgctgtc 1680 acttggggca tcttccctgg gcgagagatc atccagccca ccgtagtgga tcccgtcagc 1740 ttcatgttct ggaaggacga ggcctttgcc ctgtggattg agcggtgggg aaagctgtat 1800 gaggaggagt ccccgtcccg caccatcatc cagtacatcc acgacaacta cttcctggtc 1860 aacctggtgg acaatgactt cccactggac aactgcctct ggcaggtggt ggaagacaca 1920 ttggagcttc tcaacaggcc cacccagaat gcgagagaaa cggaggctcc atgaccctgc 1980 gtcctgacgc cctgcgttgg agccactcct gtcccgcctt cctcctccac agtgctgctt 2040 ctcttgggaa ctccactctc cttcgtgtct ctcccacccc ggcctccact cccccacctg 2100 acaatggcag ctagactgga gtgaggcttc caggctcttc ctggacctga gtcggcccca 2160 catgggaacc tagtactctc tgctcta 2187 2 7122 DNA Homo sapiens 2 gcgcgtgtct ggctgctagg ccgacaccaa ggactggccg ggtacccggg aagaaagcac 60 gtgctccagc agttgccgcg cccagccccg agagaggccc tagggcgctg cgggctttcg 120 gggtccgcag tccccccgcg acgcgagcca acgggaggcg tcaaaagacc cgggccttgt 180 gtggcaggct cgcctggcgc tggctggcgt ggcccttggc cgtcgtcacc tgtggagagc 240 acgtcttctc tgccgcgccc tctgcgcaag gaggagactc gacaacatgt cacccgcgct 300 ccaagacctg tcgcaacccg aaggtctgaa gaaaaccctg cgggatgaga tcaatgccat 360 tctgcagaag aggattatgg tgctggatgg agggatgggg accatgatcc agcgggagaa 420 gctaaacgaa gaacacttcc gaggtcagga atttaaagat catgccaggc cgctgaaagg 480 caacaatgac attttaagta taactcagcc tgatgtcatt taccaaatcc ataaggaata 540 cttgctggct ggggcagata tcattgaaac aaatactttt agcagcacta gtattgccca 600 agctgactat ggccttgaac acttggccta ccggatgaac atgtgctctg caggagtggc 660 cagaaaagct gccgaggagg taactctcca gacaggaatt aagaggtttg tggcaggggc 720 tctgggtccg actaataaga cactctctgt gtccccatct gtggaaaggc cggattatag 780 gaacatcaca tttgatgagc ttgttgaagc ataccaagag caggccaaag gacttctgga 840 tggcggggtt gatatcttac tcattgaaac tatttttgat actgccaatg ccaaggcagc 900 cttgtttgca ctccaaaatc tttttgagga gaaatatgct ccccggccta tctttatttc 960 agggacgatc gttgataaaa gtgggcggac tctttccgga cagacaggag agggatttgt 1020 catcagcgtg tctcatggag aaccactcta cattggatta aattgtgctt tgggtgcagc 1080 tgaaatgaga ccttttattg aaataattgg aaaatgtaca acagcctatg tcctctgtta 1140 tcccaatgca ggtcttccca acacctttgg tgactatgat gaaacgcctt ctatgatggc 1200 caagcaccta aaggattttg ctatggatgg cttggtcaat atagttggag gatgctgtgg 1260 gtcaacacca gatcatatca gggaaattgc tgaagctgtg aaaaattgta agcctagagt 1320 tccacctgcc actgcttttg aaggacatat gttactgtct ggtctagagc ccttcaggat 1380 tggaccgtac accaactttg ttaacattgg agagcgctgt aatgttgcag gatcaaggaa 1440 gtttgctaaa ctcatcatgg caggaaacta tgaagaagcc ttgtgtgttg ccaaagtgca 1500 ggtggaaatg ggagcccagg tgttggatgt caacatggat gatggcatgc tagatggtcc 1560 aagtgcaatg accagatttt gcaacttaat tgcttccgag ccagacatcg caaaggtacc 1620 tttgtgcatc gactcctcca attttgctgt gattgaagct gggttaaagt gctgccaagg 1680 gaagtgcatt gtcaatagca ttagtctgaa ggaaggagag gacgacttct tggagaaggc 1740 caggaagatt aaaaagtatg gagctgctat ggtggtcatg gcttttgatg aagaaggaca 1800 ggcaacagaa acagacacaa aaatcagagt gtgcacccgg gcctaccatc tgcttgtgaa 1860 aaaactgggc tttaatccaa atgacattat ttttgaccct aatatcctaa ccattgggac 1920 tggaatggag gaacacaact tgtatgccat taattttatc catgcaacaa aagtcattaa 1980 agaaacatta cctggagcca gaataagtgg aggtctttcc aacttgtcct tctccttccg 2040 aggaatggaa gccattcgag aagcaatgca tggggttttc ctttaccatg caatcaagtc 2100 tggcatggac atggggatag tgaatgctgg aaacctccct gtgtatgatg atatccataa 2160 ggaacttctg cagctctgtg aagatctcat ctggaataaa gaccctgagg ccactgagaa 2220 gctcttacgt tatgcccaga ctcaaggcac aggagggaag aaagtcattc agactgatga 2280 gtggagaaat ggccctgtcg aagaacgcct tgagtatgcc cttgtgaagg gcattgaaaa 2340 acatattatt gaggatactg aggaagccag gttaaaccaa aaaaaatatc cccgacctct 2400 caatataatt gaaggacccc tgatgaatgg aatgaaaatt gttggtgatc tttttggagc 2460 tggaaaaatg tttctacctc aggttataaa gtcagcccgg gttatgaaga aggctgttgg 2520 ccaccttatc cctttcatgg aaaaagaaag agaagaaacc agagtgctta acggcacagt 2580 agaagaagag gacccttacc agggcaccat cgtgctggcc actgttaaag gcgacgtgca 2640 cgacataggc aagaacatag ttggagtagt ccttggctgc aataatttcc gagttattga 2700 tttaggagtc atgactccat gtgataagat actgaaagct gctcttgacc acaaagcaga 2760 tataattggc ctgtcaggac tcatcactcc ttccctggat gaaatgattt ttgttgccaa 2820 ggaaatggag agattagcta taaggattcc attgttgatt ggaggagcaa ccacttcaaa 2880 aacccacaca gcagttaaaa tagctccgag atacagtgca cctgtaatcc atgtcctgga 2940 cgcgtccaag agtgtggtgg tgtgttccca gctgttagat gaaaatctaa aggatgaata 3000 ctttgaggaa atcatggaag aatatgaaga tattagacag gaccattatg agtctctcaa 3060 ggagaggaga tacttaccct taagtcaagc cagaaaaagt ggtttccaaa tggattggct 3120 gtctgaacct cacccagtga agcccacgtt tattgggacc caggtctttg aagactatga 3180 cctgcagaag ctggtggact acattgactg gaagcctttc tttgatgtct ggcagctccg 3240 gggcaagtac ccgaatcgag gctttcccaa gatatttaac gacaaaacag taggtggaga 3300 ggccaggaag gtctacgatg atgcccacaa tatgctgaac acactgatta gtcaaaagaa 3360 actccgggcc cggggtgtgg ttgggttctg gccagcacag agtatccaag acgacattca 3420 cctgtacgca gaggctgctg tgccccaggc tgcagagccc atagccacct tctatgggtt 3480 aaggcaacag gctgagaagg actctgccag cacggagcca tactactgcc tctcagactt 3540 catcgctccc ttgcattctg gcatccgtga ctacctgggc ctgtttgccg ttgcctgctt 3600 tggggtagaa gagctgagca aggcctatga ggatgatggt gacgactaca gcagcatcat 3660 ggtcaaggcg ctgggggacc ggctggcaga ggcctttgca gaagagctcc atgaaagagt 3720 tcgccgagaa ctgtgggcct actgtggcag tgagcagctg gacgtcgcag acctgcgcag 3780 gctgcggtac aagggcatcc gcccggctcc tggctacccc agccagcccg accacaccga 3840 gaagctcacc atgtggagac tcgcagacat cgagcagtct acaggcatta ggttaacaga 3900 atcattagca atggcacctg cttcagcagt ctcaggcctc tacttctcca atttgaagtc 3960 caaatatttt gctgtgggga agatttccaa ggatcaggtt gaggattatg cattgaggaa 4020 gaacatatct gtggctgagg ttgagaaatg gcttggaccc attttgggat atgatacaga 4080 ctaacttttt ttttttttgc cttttttatt cttgatgatc ctcaaggaaa tacaacctag 4140 ggtgccttaa aaataacaac aacaaaaaac ctgtgtgcat ctggctgaca cttacctgct 4200 tctggttttc gaagactatt tagtggaacc ttgtagagga gcagggtctt cctgcagtgc 4260 ctggaaaaca ggcgctgttt ttttgggacc ttgcgtgaag agcagtgagc agggttcctg 4320 tggtttccct ggtccctctg agatggggac agactgaaga cagaggtcgt ttgatttcaa 4380 agcaagtcaa cctgcttttt tctgttttta cagtggaatc taggaggcca cttagtcgtc 4440 tttttttcct cttagaagaa aagcctgaaa ctgagttgaa tagagaagtg tgaccctgtg 4500 acaaaatgat actgtgaaaa atggggcatt ttaatctaag tggttataac agtggattct 4560 gacggggaag gtgtagctct gttctcttcg gaagacctcg ttttctaaag gctggactaa 4620 atggctgcag aactcccttt ggcaaaaggc atgcgctcac tgcttgcttg tcagaaacac 4680 tgaagccatt tgccccagtg tggtcaagca gccatgcttt ctgggcattt tcgtcctccc 4740 ataatttcat atttccgtac ccctgaggaa acaaaaagga aatgaggaga gaaagttact 4800 gttaagggtg gttaacattt tttttgtttt gttttgtttt ggtttttttt ttttgagaca 4860 gagtctggct ctgtcgccca ggctggagtg caggggcgca atctcggctc atagcaagct 4920 ccgcctcctg ggttcatgcc attctcctgc ctcagcctcc agagtagctg ggactacagg 4980 tgcccaccac cacacccggc taattttttg tgtttttaca aaatacaaaa aagtagagac 5040 aggatttcac tgtgttagcc aggatggtct tgatctcccg acctcgtgat ctgcccacct 5100 cagcctccca aaatgctggg attacaggcg tgagccaccg agcctggccg gttaacatct 5160 tttaattgtt tccaggattg agcaggttct cagctgggct ctgatatccc gtgcggagtt 5220 ggacaagtgg gcagcataaa gtcactcatt tcttaccatt ttattcccct caattctcaa 5280 tatattcagt aatgaagaat ggtgccacca ctcaagcaac aagcctcaaa ctcaaccatg 5340 tcatcttttt cttggatgat tgcagttatt tcaaaaattt gcatgcaaaa tatacactca 5400 tcctacttca agatggtggt ggcaatagtc aggagaaggt aacattggag tcctggtttg 5460 attcgaagga tgaagacgaa gaagcaaggg aggaacaaat gaagaaccat ctttgttcat 5520 gaataggaat attcaagatt ataaaggtat caggtctcct aaaattgatc tatggattta 5580 ataccatttt caatggaaat tccaacagat tttattgaat gaaacaagca ggtgtttata 5640 tggagtagca aaggacttaa aattaccaaa tgcttctaaa tatgaaggag aggttgggga 5700 cacgcaccct atgtgatacc aagttttatt gtcaagacag tgtcatggtg cagaggtagg 5760 cattctgagc aggggaacaa aataagggcc tagaaactca cccgtgcata tgttgacctt 5820 tgcaaaatga cctggtgaca tggcaagtca gtggggacag gaaggaccac tccctaagta 5880 atcccagaac aatggctatt catgtgggaa aaaaagaaat tttactttct ctcaccttac 5940 ctggtgataa gttccaaata tgttaagggc tttaatacaa aaagcaaaaa ttgtcagtgt 6000 ttggatgaaa aaagccttag ggcaggaaag aatctcttga gacataaagt agtaatcata 6060 aaggacaaga tggttaagtc aattctgtta aaactcaagg cttatattaa gcaaacactt 6120 gaagtgagaa gatgatccac aacttgagaa gacatttata atacaaataa ctgatgaagg 6180 attcataatc acaaatatag agaattccta tttaaaaaaa tagaaaaata gtgaagacta 6240 cacaagagga aatagggctt ttaaataaat agatgttctg tagcattggt cagggaaata 6300 tgaattagga ccacaatgag attccatttt atatccataa gatttgcaaa ggttgggtct 6360 gacagtacca gttgttagat ctgtagggac ttgtacaaca ttgtggatgt gtaaacaggc 6420 accactgctt taaaaaacaa ttatccctta cagacttgaa catttgcaga cgttatgatc 6480 ttgcttccaa ctcccacctg tatgtccagc aaactcttgc atgtggccac taggaggaat 6540 gtgtaagaat gttcatagtt acatatttat aatagttaat aactggaaaa agtgaaatgt 6600 atgtctgtct acaggaaaat aggtgaataa ttagatatat atattcattc tacgggatat 6660 tattcagtag tggaaatgag tgaactacag ctatacctca caataagaat gaatctcaga 6720 aaatattaag gaaaaaagca agtttgaaga gaccacatgg ggcgtactat ttttattggg 6780 cccaaaaaca agcaaaacca aagaatatgt agtctaagca tacgtataca ataaaactat 6840 gctattaaaa aaaaaaggta actgataaac caaaattgag catagtaatt acccacagaa 6900 ggaggaagtg gaagggacag gagcacatag gtagatgcca agttatgcag ctgttctggt 6960 tcctcctggt aggcttacaa gtgtttacta tatgctatta atacattata ctttataact 7020 aatagataac agttttttac atattaaata tgttctactt aaatatatta taaaaaataa 7080 aggcaaagtg gaatgtttaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa 7122 3 564 DNA Homo sapiens 3 atggttggtt cgctaaactg catcgtcgct gtgtcccaga acatgggcat cggcaagaac 60 ggggacctgc cctggccacc gctcaggaat gaattcagat atttccagag aatgaccaca 120 acctcttcag tagaaggtaa acagaatctg gtgattatgg gtaagaagac ctggttctcc 180 attcctgaga agaatcgacc tttaaagggt agaattaatt tagttctcag cagagaactc 240 aaggaacctc cacaaggagc tcattttctt tccagaagtc tagatgatgc cttaaaactt 300 actgaacaac cagaattagc aaataaagta gacatggtct ggatagttgg tggcagttct 360 gtttataagg aagccatgaa tcacccaggc catcttaaac tatttgtgac aaggatcatg 420 caagactttg aaagtgacac gttttttcca gaaattgatt tggagaaata taaacttctg 480 ccagaatacc caggtgttct ctctgatgtc caggaggaga aaggcattaa gtacaaattt 540 gaagtatatg agaagaatga ttaa 564 4 2158 DNA Homo sapiens 4 gcgcggcata acgacccagg tcgcggcgcg gcggggcttg agcgcgtggc cggtgccgca 60 ggagccgagc atggagtacc aggatgccgt gcgcatgctc aataccctgc agaccaatgc 120 cggctacctg gagcaggtga agcgccagcg gggtgaccct cagacacagt tggaagccat 180 ggaactgtac ctggcacgga gtgggctgca ggtggaggac ttggaccggc tgaacatcat 240 ccacgtcact gggacgaagg ggaagggctc cacctgtgcc ttcacggaat gtatcctccg 300 aagctatggc ctgaagacgg gattctttag ctctccccac ctggtgcagg ttcgggagcg 360 gatccgcatc aatgggcagc ccatcagtcc tgagctcttc accaagtact tctggcgcct 420 ctaccaccgg ctggaggaga ccaaggatgg cagctgtgtc tccatgcccc cctacttccg 480 cttcctgaca ctcatggcct tccacgtctt cctccaagag aaggtggacc tggcagtggt 540 ggaggtgggc attggcgggg cttatgactg caccaacatc atcaggaagc ctgtggtgtg 600 cggagtctcc tctcttggca tcgaccacac cagcctcctg ggggatacgg tggagaagat 660 cgcatggcag aaagggggca tctttaagca aggtgtccct gccttcactg tgctccaacc 720 tgaaggtccc ctggcagtgc tgagggaccg agcccagcag atctcatgtc ctctatacct 780 gtgtccgatg ctggaggccc tcgaggaagg ggggccgccg ctgaccctgg gcctggaggg 840 ggagcaccag cggtccaacg ccgccttggc cttgcagctg gcccactgct ggctgcagcg 900 gcaggaccgc catggtgctg gggagccaaa ggcatccagg ccagggctcc tgtggcagct 960 gcccctggca cctgtgttcc agcccacatc ccacatgcgg ctcgggcttc ggaacacgga 1020 gtggccgggc cggacgcagg tgctgcggcg cgggcccctc acctggtacc tggacggtgc 1080 gcacaccgcc agcagcgcgc aggcctgcgt gcgctggttc cgccaggcgc tgcagggccg 1140 cgagaggccg agcggtggcc ccgaggttcg agtcttgctc ttcaatgcta ccggggaccg 1200 ggacccggcg gccctgctga agctgctgca gccctgccag tttgactatg ccgtcttctg 1260 ccctaacctg acagaggtgt catccacagg caacgcagac caacagaact tcacagtgac 1320 actggaccag gtcctgctcc gctgcctgga acaccagcag cactggaacc acctggacga 1380 agagcaggcc agcccggacc tctggagtgc ccccagccca gagcccggtg ggtccgcatc 1440 cctgcttctg gcgccccacc caccccacac ctgcagtgcc agctccctcg tcttcagctg 1500 catttcacat gccttgcaat ggatcagcca aggccgagac cccatcttcc agccacctag 1560 tcccccaaag ggcctcctca cccaccctgt ggctcacagt ggggccagca tactccgtga 1620 ggctgctgcc atccatgtgc tagtcactgg cagcctgcac ctggtgggtg gtgtcctgaa 1680 gctgctggag cccgcactgt cccagtagcc aaggcccggg gttggaggtg ggagcttccc 1740 acacctgcct gcgttctccc catgaactta catactaggt gccttttgtt tttggctttc 1800 ctggttctgt ctagactggc ctaggggcca gggctttggg atgggaggcc gggagaggat 1860 gtctttttta aggctctgtg ccttggtctc tccttcctct tggctgagat agcagagggg 1920 ctccccgggt ctctcactgt tgcagtggcc tggccgttca gcctgtctcc cccaacaccc 1980 cgcctgcctc ctggctcagg cccagcttat tgtgtgcgct gcctggccag gccctgggtc 2040 ttgccatgtg ctgggtggta gatttcctcc tcccagtgcc ttctgggaag ggagagggcc 2100 tctgcctggg acactgcggg acagagggtg gctggagtga attaaagcct ttgttttt 2158 5 7720 DNA Homo sapiens 5 taagttgaca cttctcaggt tgtcacaaga ttcaggtatg gctcactgtt gcaggacata 60 agctgggatc tcctgggaat tggtctgctt gcaggcccta gagagccttc cttcttggtt 120 gattttcctc tagagatcca actgtcttct caggctcccc tgcctgcctc ctccttgggt 180 cctttcttgt ggcattgcca gattactggg cccccatttt ccctacactt actgccactc 240 atagtctgat ggttcccaca tctgcatcca acctggactc ttcccctgag ctttcccctc 300 tacaaccacc ttccccgggc caagggcaca caggcacctc gacaaaacag tgttctatgt 360 ttcttcctgc ccaaacctgc ccctccctct cccttttccc atctgtggta ccaccatggg 420 ctcagagaat aaaaaaaatg aaggcttctg tcattgactg gggtggagat ggagggaaga 480 gttagcccag aatcacaggt gctgtagaaa ggatacctga gttgccggga gagggggtcc 540 atgagttggg gatggaagga gagcttggcc cttcaaacaa ttgaagatct gatcaaaaga 600 ttcagaacat ctgtgatttt gtggctggtg atgggtgaca cctgggctaa tggggttggg 660 ggagttggtg gctctacaat ttatggcctt gggagatcct tgctctctat agctgactgg 720 gaggttggaa gcctgggctc tagcccttgc cttgatcctc cggatctcat tttcctcatc 780 tgcctaacag gacagagggg ttggaaactg atgagattag ctcaaaggat cctggcagct 840 caggctgcaa gatttttttc agacctcagt gtttgggaaa aaattgggta ggtggagctt 900 agggactggc cttaggcctg cactgttaat tcaccccctc ccactacccc atggaggcct 960 ggctggtgct cacatacaat aattaactgc tgagtggcct tcgcccaatc ccaggctcca 1020 ctcctgggct ccattcccac tccctgcctg tctcctaggc cactaaacca cagctgtccc 1080 ctggaataag gcaaggggga gtgtagagca gagcagaagc ctgagccaga cggagagcca 1140 cctcctctcc caggtatgtg acactcccca tcccccttca gaggccacac accctatggc 1200 attcccacca tgtgttaagg attttctgaa ctggaagggc cctctgtttg cctgaaggcc 1260 agagaatctt gaagtggaga ctgaggccca gaccagagtg tggcctgctc aagattaaac 1320 gacaagttag tgttcatccc cctgaactag tacctgggct ctagcccttc agtccagagc 1380 tgagttctca gctcttctag tctggggccc caaggttggg tgtgggggtc atgattgttg 1440 gtggggaggg gtcacagctg gactaagacc tgaaggtgag actaggcagg tgggaaagga 1500 gcttgcagag tgatgctgct caaaaggaca ggaagagagc ctggcttcag aagcagccac 1560 agcaagagag actactgact gaacaggtgg gctccactgg gggctccgga aaggattttc 1620 tcagccccca tccccagcac tgtgtgttgg ccgcacccat gagagcctca gcactctgaa 1680 ggtgcagggg gcaaaggcca aaagagctct ggcctgaact tgggtggtcc ctactgtgtg 1740 acttggggca tggccctcat ctgtgctgaa atgattccac aaagattaaa ctggctatca 1800 tttgttgatt tcccccttct tacatttaat ccttgcagga gaaagctaag cctcaagata 1860 gtttgcttct ctttccccca aggccaagga gaaggtggag tgagggctgg ggtcgggaca 1920 ggttgaacgg gaaccctgtg ctctaaacag ttagggtttg ttcccgcagg aactgaaccc 1980 aaaggatcac ctggtattcc ctgagagtac agatttctcc ggcgtggccc tcaaggttag 2040 tgagtgagca ggtccacagg ggcatgattg gatcctggaa tgaatgaatc aaccatgaga 2100 gagtgaatga acactggaat caatagagta gcagagtaat ggattgtgga gcaggaaaga 2160 gagctgctgg gtgggaattc aattccaggc ttatatgagc cctgctgtgc agtcggcctg 2220 gagacagccc agctcaggcc ctgcctagac ccctgtcaag gaggccctgt caagaggaga 2280 ggaggggcag cacgggggca aggcaagctt gtgagcggga aaggcatgtc cactttagcg 2340 actggtatgt ggaagatgag ttagaggaga cagatggaga gaagtcatag gaaataaatt 2400 ctgagcattt taggagggcc cagacacctg gtgtccagtg gagtgaagga aacagtcgcc 2460 tcccaaaatt cagtgtctga ggtcaaagga ttgaagttct gtgatgacca aggagaagcc 2520 agctctgtgg tagggggcac aggagctccc caaggcccca gggctgtcca gctggctgtc 2580 ccctgccagc acccatgtcc tgtgacccca ccccaccaag atcccatggt ttccgggaag 2640 ggcctactaa actagcttga gtgatgaggc tagaaagggg ctgggaccaa ggtttaaaaa 2700 gcaaaacaaa ctaacaaaaa ccacactgca gcccccccaa ctaaaacatt tttataaact 2760 tttttttttt ttttgagatg gagtctcgct ctgtcaccca ggctagagtg caatggcaca 2820 atcttggctc actgtaacct ccacctcctg gattcaagtg attctcctgc ctcagcctcc 2880 cacgtagctg ggactacagg cacacgacac cgcacccagc tcattttgta tttttagtag 2940 agacagggtt tcactatgtt ggccaggctg gtctcaaact tctgacctca ggtgatccac 3000 ccacctcagc cttccaaagt gctgggatta caggcatgag ccaccgcgcc cagcccattt 3060 ttgtaaactt ttacaatgaa gtaatttggt gtcaaaatct gacctgaaaa ttaatgtgag 3120 tttatgtata gttttaattt atcccactag tgtaactgtt tcaccccaga atatacactt 3180 gattattggg tatatgaaaa aaatattttc tttgaatcac ctttgatgaa atcctaaaaa 3240 attttaaccc tgaaacattt gaataaggca ttgtggacct atggcaaact cctggctatt 3300 tctgcatttt gcccaaatcc atccttgaat tatatcacct gaacctcgtg accacctgga 3360 gaaggcaatg aggctcaagc cagggagggg tggtgtctaa tcctaccttt cattggatct 3420 gggaaaactg agggagatgg gggcagggct ctatctgccc caggcttccg tccaggcccc 3480 accctcctgg agccctgcac acaacttaag gccccacctc cgcattcctt ggtgccactg 3540 accacagctc tttcttcagg gacagacatg gctcagcgga tgacaacaca gctgctgctc 3600 cttctagtgt gggtggctgt agtaggggag gctcagacaa ggattgcatg ggccaggact 3660 gagcttctca atgtctgcat gaacgccaag caccacaagg aaaagccagg ccccgaggac 3720 aagttgcatg agcaggtggg ccagggggtg atctggggtg gtgagggact ggctcaggaa 3780 gaggaaacga ggacatggaa atgccaaacc ccattggcac tggtgaactg aagtggagga 3840 gcccttcagt ttgcattaat atgggtgact tatttcagag acactgtgcc aaatgtcggt 3900 acaatgccaa cagttcacct tcttggttgt tgagtttccg cattacagaa ataaggaagc 3960 aggcccaaag gagagcctgg gaaatgaagt tggagtgacc catcctgggg ttgcttgatt 4020 tagggattta gactgggaat gactcctcca aagatctgag ggaagaaact gcacactgtg 4080 catagtggcc tcttttctgc cagccctaaa cagctcaaga agggagagtc tctcacatta 4140 tgaggctgtg tgcaaagcat tctttttttt ttttcctgag acaaagtctc catatgttgc 4200 ccaggctggt ctcaaattcc tggactcaag tgatcctccc acctcagccc tcccaaagtg 4260 tgggattaca gaaatgagcc gtacgccctc ctgaagcatc ttggttcatg catctcgcaa 4320 aactttgggc tgtgtctctc gaccacattg gacctgaggt ctccctataa catttatttt 4380 gctaccaccc ctttaatatc ctgaacatga tgatataact aaagaaaaag cagaggaaaa 4440 gtaatttgta ggccaggtgt tacggctcac gcctgtaatc ccaacactgt gggatgtcga 4500 gatgggcaga tcacttgagc tcaggagttc gagaccagcc tgggcaagat ggcaaaaccc 4560 catctctact aaaaaataaa aaaaattagt caggtgtggt ggcacatgcc tgcagtccca 4620 gctactcagg aggctgaggt gggcaggtca gttgagccca ggaggcagag attgtagatc 4680 gtgccactgc actccagcct gggcaacaga gtgagacctt gtcaaaagaa agaaagaacg 4740 aaaaaaagaa agaaaggaag gaaggaaggg gaggaaggaa agggagggag gaaagggagg 4800 gaggaaaggg agggaggcaa gggagagaaa cttgtaatac gcatttcttt ttttttttct 4860 tgagatagag ttttgctctt gttgcccagg gtggatggca gtggcacaat ctcagctcac 4920 tgcaacctcc acctcccagg ttcaagtgat tctcctgcct cagcctcctg agtaggcaca 4980 cgccaccaca cccagctaat tttttgtttg tttgtttgtt ttgtttgttg gtatttttag 5040 tagagatggg ggtttcacca tgttggccag gctggtctcg aactcctcac ctcataatcc 5100 gcccctcttg gcctcccaaa gtgctgagat tacaggtgtg agccactgcg cccggcctta 5160 agtgcacatt ttatttattt atttatttat ttatttattg agatggagtc ttgctctgtt 5220 gcccaggctg gagtgcagtg gcacaatctc agctcactgc aacctccacc tcccaggttc 5280 aagcaattct tctgccttgg cctccagagt agctgggact ataggcacct gccaccatgc 5340 ctagctaatt tttgtatttt tagtagaaat ggggttttgc catgttggcc aggctggtct 5400 ccattcttga ccttaagtga tctgtccacc tccacctccc aaagtgctgg gattacaggc 5460 actatgtgag ccactgtgcc ggcccacatt ttaatattta gcttgtcagc cttaagtaat 5520 gagattcagg aagcttgagg ataggcacac aggagcatag tttcaagttg tcctgaattt 5580 tgcagccatc acaagttagt ttttaaggaa aaagattagt tcctaagttg tttctcaata 5640 acttataata aaataacatc cacaattgat tggctataca ttgttttttt gtatcacaaa 5700 ttccacaaac agataatggg tgaggcagct agtcagggac aaaacacttc ccaagtagct 5760 gggattacag gtgtccgcca ccacacttgg ctagtttttt gtttgtttat tttttgagat 5820 ggagtcttgc tctgtcgccc aggctggagt gcagtggcat gatctcggct cactgcaagc 5880 tccacctgcc gggttcacac cattctcctg cctcagcctc ccaagtagct gggactacag 5940 gtgccagcca ccacgcccgg ctaatttttt gtatttttag tagagacggg gtttcaccat 6000 gttggccagg atggtcttga tctcttagcc tcgtgatcca cccgcctcgg cctcccaaaa 6060 tgctgggatt acaggcgtga gccaccgcac ccggcctaat ttttatattt ttagtagaga 6120 cggggtttca ccatgttggc caggctggtc tcaaactctt gatctcaggt gatccacctg 6180 ccttggcctc ccaaagtgct gggattacac aagtaagcca ctgcacccag cctggggtta 6240 caatttaaat tgctttttta ccttcaaatc tttgacacct cagtgaggct taatctgacc 6300 gcactattac actacaagtc cccatccgtc tctgcttaat ttttgtccaa agcaaaaatc 6360 aggtgatgtg ttcattgttg taaccccagt ttctacaaaa gtacctgggt gagagtaagt 6420 aggatctcaa taaaggttga attaacaaat tttgtaatga ctgcaactcc agcaggagct 6480 cccttttggg ctcccactgt ctctgacggc cctctcccct aaagaggtcc caatagcaag 6540 tattttcctg ggtgacttcc agtgggctgg ggaatcaagg actaagaggg gagacactgc 6600 atgtggaata ttctggctgt gctggctgtg ctggctgtgg actgagtcct ctgtcttccc 6660 ccatccagtg tcgaccctgg aggaagaatg cctgctgttc taccaacacc agccaggaag 6720 cccataagga tgtttcctac ctatatagat tcaactggaa ccactgtgga gagatggcac 6780 ctgcctgcaa acggcatttc atccaggaca cctgcctcta cgagtgctcc cccaacttgg 6840 ggccctggat ccagcaggta tgcatggctt cctgcaggta caagacctag cggagcagct 6900 gagctttcca ggcatctctg caggctgcaa ccccagctcc agttctattc ggggctgagt 6960 tgctgggatt cttgaacctg agcccttctt ttgtatcaaa atcacccagg tggatcagag 7020 ctggcgcaaa gagcgggtac tgaacgtgcc cctgtgcaaa gaggactgtg agcaatggtg 7080 ggaagattgt cgcacctcct acacctgcaa gagcaactgg cacaagggct ggaactggac 7140 ttcaggtgag ggctggggtg ggcaggaatg gagggatttg gaagtggagg tgtgtgggtg 7200 tggaacaggt atgtgacaat ttggagttgt agggctggca gacctcaaga tagttccggg 7260 cccagtggct aaaggtcttc cctcctctct acagggttta acaagtgcgc agtgggagct 7320 gcctgccaac ctttccattt ctacttcccc acacccactg ttctgtgcaa tgaaatctgg 7380 actcactcct acaaggtcag caactacagc cgagggagtg gccgctgcat ccagatgtgg 7440 ttcgacccag cccagggcaa ccccaatgag gaggtggcga ggttctatgc tgcagccatg 7500 agtggggctg ggccctgggc agcctggcct ttcctgctta gcctggccct aatgctgctg 7560 tggctgctca gctgacctcc ttttaccttc tgatacctgg aaatccctgc cctgttcagc 7620 cccacagctc ccaactattt ggttcctgct ccatggtcgg gcctctgaca gccactttga 7680 ataaaccaga caccgcacat gtgtcttgag aattatttgg 7720 6 255 PRT Homo sapiens 6 Met Val Trp Lys Trp Met Pro Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Cys Val Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Met Cys Ser Ala Gln Asp Arg Thr Asp Leu Leu Asn Val Cys Met 20 25 30 Asp Ala Lys His His Lys Thr Lys Pro Gly Pro Glu Asp Lys Leu His 35 40 45 Asp Gln Cys Ser Pro Trp Lys Lys Asn Ala Cys Cys Thr Ala Ser Thr 50 55 60 Ser Gln Glu Leu His Lys Asp Thr Ser Arg Leu Tyr Asn Phe Asn Trp 65 70 75 80 Asp His Cys Gly Lys Met Glu Pro Ala Cys Lys Arg His Phe Ile Gln 85 90 95 Asp Thr Cys Leu Tyr Glu Cys Ser Pro Asn Leu Gly Pro Trp Ile Gln 100 105 110 Gln Val Asn Gln Thr Trp Arg Lys Glu Arg Phe Leu Asp Val Pro Leu 115 120 125 Cys Lys Glu Asp Cys Gln Arg Trp Trp Glu Asp Cys His Thr Ser His 130 135 140 Thr Cys Lys Ser Asn Trp His Arg Gly Trp Asp Trp Thr Ser Gly Val 145 150 155 160 Asn Lys Cys Pro Ala Gly Ala Leu Cys Arg Thr Phe Glu Ser Tyr Phe 165 170 175 Pro Thr Pro Ala Ala Leu Cys Glu Gly Leu Trp Ser His Ser Tyr Lys 180 185 190 Val Ser Asn Tyr Ser Arg Gly Ser Gly Arg Cys Ile Gln Met Trp Phe 195 200 205 Asp Ser Ala Gln Gly Asn Pro Asn Glu Glu Val Ala Arg Phe Tyr Ala 210 215 220 Ala Ala Met His Val Asn Ala Gly Glu Met Leu His Gly Thr Gly Gly 225 230 235 240 Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Ala Leu Met Leu Gln Leu Trp Leu Leu Gly 245 250 255 7 817 DNA Homo sapiens 7 cgcaggaata gatggacatg gcctggcaga tgatgcagct gctgcttctg gctttggtga 60 ctgctgcggg gagtgcccag cccaggagtg cgcgggccag gacggacctg ctcaatgtct 120 gcatgaacgc caagcaccac aagacacagc ccagccccga ggacgagctg tatggccagt 180 gcagtccctg gaagaagaat gcctgctgca cggccagcac cagccaggag ctgcacaagg 240 acacctcccg cctgtacaac tttaactggg atcactgtgg taagatggaa cccacctgca 300 agcgccactt tatccaggac agctgtctct gagtgctcac ccaacctggg gccctggatc 360 cggcaggtca accagagctg gcgcaaagag cgcattctga acgtgcccct gtgcaaagag 420 gactgtgagc gctggtggga ggactgtcgc acctcctaca cctgcaaaag caactggcac 480 aaaggctgga attggacctc agggattaat gagtgtccgg ccggggccct ctgcagcacc 540 tttgagtcct acttccccac tccagccgcc ctttgtgaag gcctctggag ccactccttc 600 aaggtcagca actatagtcg agggagcggc cgctgcatcc agatgtggtt tgactcagcc 660 cagggcaacc ccaatgagga ggtggccaag ttctatgctg cggccatgaa tgctggggcc 720 ccgtctcgtg ggattattga ttcctgatcc aagaagggtc ctctggggtt cttccaacaa 780 cctattctaa tagacaaatc cacatgaaaa aaaaaaa 817 8 1669 DNA Homo sapiens 8 gctaggcagc ttcgaaccag tgcaatgacg atgccagtca acggggccca caaggatgct 60 gacctgtggt cctcacatga caagatgctg gcacaacccc tcaaagacag tgatgttgag 120 gtttacaaca tcattaagaa ggagagtaac cggcagaggg ttggattgga gctgattgcc 180 tcggagaatt tcgccagccg agcagttttg gaggccctag gctcttgctt aaataacaaa 240 tactctgagg ggtacccggg ccagagatac tatggcggga ctgagtttat tgatgaactg 300 gagaccctct gtcagaagcg agccctgcag gcctataagc tggacccaca gtgctggggg 360 gtcaacgtcc agccctactc aggctcccct gcaaactttg ctgtgtacac tgccctggtg 420 gaaccccatg ggcgcatcat gggcctggac cttccggatg ggggccacct gacccatggg 480 ttcatgacag acaagaagaa aatctctgcc acgtccatct tctttgaatc tatgccctac 540 aaggtgaacc cagatactgg ctacatcaac tatgaccagc tggaggagaa cgcacgcctc 600 ttccacccga agctgatcat cgcaggaacc agctgctact cccgaaacct ggaatatgcc 660 cggctacgga agattgcaga tgagaacggg gcgtatctca tggcggacat ggctcacatc 720 agcgggctgg tggcggctgg cgtggtgccc tccccatttg aacactgcca tgtggtgacc 780 accaccactc acaagaccct gcgaggctgc cgagctggca tgatcttcta caggaaagga 840 gtgaaaagtg tggatcccaa gactggcaaa gagattctgt acaacctgga gtctcttatc 900 aattctgctg tgttccctgg cctgcaggga ggtccccaca accacgccat tgctggggtt 960 gctgtggcac tgaagcaagc tatgactctg gaatttaaag tttatcaaca ccaggtggtg 1020 gccaactgca gggctctgtc tgaggccctg acggagctgg gctacaaaat agtcacaggt 1080 ggttctgaca accatttgat ccttgtggat ctccgttcca aaggcacaga tggtggaagg 1140 gctgagaagg tgctagaagc ctgttctatt gcctgcaaca agaacacctg tccaggtgac 1200 agaagcgctc tgcggcccag tggactgcgg ctggggaccc cagcactgac gtcccgtgga 1260 cttttggaaa aagacttcca aaaagtagcc cactttattc acagagggat agagctgacc 1320 ctgcagatcc agagcgacac tggtgtcaga gccaccctga aagagttcaa ggagagactg 1380 gcaggggata agtaccaggc ggccgtgcag gctctccggg aggaggttga gagcttcgcc 1440 tctctcttcc ctctgcctgg cctgcctgac ttctaaagga gcgggcccac tctggaccca 1500 cctggcgcca cagaggaagc tgcctgccgg agacccccac ctgagagatg gatgagctgc 1560 tccaaaggga actgttgaca ctcgggccct ttgagggggt ttcttttgga cttttttcat 1620 gttttcttca caaatcaaaa tttgtttaag tctcattgtt agtaattct 1669 9 3112 DNA Homo sapiens 9 gtggaacctc gatattggtg gtgtccatcg tgggcagcgg actaataaag gccatggcgc 60 cagcagaaat cctgaacggg aaggagatct ccgcgcaaat aagggcgaga ctgaaaaatc 120 aagtcactca gttgaaggag caagtacctg gtttcacacc acgcctggca atattacagg 180 ttggcaacag agatgattcc aatctttata taaatgtgaa gctgaaggct gctgaagaga 240 ttgggatcaa agccactcac attaagttac caagaacaac cacagaatct gaggtgatga 300 agtacattac atctttgaat gaagactcta ctgtacatgg gttcttagtg cagctacctt 360 tagattcaga gaattccatt aacactgaag aagtgatcaa tgctattgca cccgagaagg 420 atgtggatgg attgactagc atcaatgctg ggagacttgc tagaggtgac ctcaatgact 480 gtttcattcc ttgtacgcct aagggatgct tggaactcat caaagagaca ggggtgccga 540 ttgccggaag gcatgctgtg gtggttgggc gcagtaaaat agttggggcc ccgatgcatg 600 acttgcttct gtggaacaat gccacagtga ccacctgcca ctccaagact gcccatctgg 660 atgaggaggt aaataaaggt gacatcctgg tggttgcaac tggtcagcct gaaatggtta 720 aaggggagtg gatcaaacct ggggcaatag tcatcgactg tggaatcaat tatgtcccag 780 atgataaaaa accaaatggg agaaaagttg tgggtgatgt ggcatacgac gaggccaaag 840 agagggcgag cttcatcact cctgttcctg gcggcgtagg gcccatgaca gttgcaatgc 900 tcatgcagag cacagtagag agtgccaagc gtttcctgga gaaatttaag ccaggaaagt 960 ggatgattca gtataacaac cttaacctca agacacctgt tccaagtgac attgatatat 1020 cacgatcttg taaaccgaag cccattggta agctggctcg agaaattggt ctgctgtctg 1080 aagaggtaga attatatggt gaaacaaagg ccaaagttct gctgtcagca ctagaacgcc 1140 tgaagcaccg gcctgatggg aaatacgtgg tggtgactgg aataactcca acacccctgg 1200 gagaagggaa aagcacaact acaatcgggc tagtgcaagc ccttggtgcc catctctacc 1260 agaatgtctt tgcgtgtgtg cgacagcctt ctcagggccc cacctttgga ataaaaggtg 1320 gcgctgcagg aggcggctac tcccaggtca ttcctatgga agagtttaat ctccacctca 1380 caggtgacat ccatgccatc actgcagcta ataacctcgt tgctgcggcc attgatgctc 1440 ggatatttca tgaactgacc cagacagaca aggctctctt taatcgtttg gtgccatcag 1500 taaatggagt gagaaggttc tctgacatcc aaatccgaag gttaaagaga ctaggcattg 1560 aaaagactga ccctaccaca ctgacagatg aagagataaa cagatttgca agattggaca 1620 ttgatccaga aaccataact tggcaaagag tgttggatac caatgataga ttcctgagga 1680 agatcacgat tggacaggct ccaacggaga agggtcacac acggacggcc cagtttgata 1740 tctctgtggc cagtgaaatt atggctgtcc tggctctcac cacttctcta gaagacatga 1800 gagagagact gggcaaaatg gtggtggcat ccagtaagaa aggagagccc gtcagtgccg 1860 aagatctggg ggtgagtggt gcactgacag tgcttatgaa ggacgcaatc aagcccaatc 1920 tcatgcagac actggagggc actccagtgt ttgtccatgc tggcccgttt gccaacatcg 1980 cacatggcaa ttcctccatc attgcagacc ggatcgcact caagcttgtt ggcccagaag 2040 ggtttgtagt gacggaagca ggatttggag cagacattgg aatggaaaag ttttttaaca 2100 tcaaatgccg gtattccggc ctctgccccc acgtggtggt gcttgttgcc actgtcaggg 2160 ctctcaagat gcacgggggc ggccccacgg tcactgctgg actgcctctt cccaaggctt 2220 acatacagga gaacctggag ctggttgaaa aaggcttcag taacttgaag aaacaaattg 2280 aaaatgccag aatgtttgga attccagtag tagtggccgt gaatgcattc aagacggata 2340 cagagtctga gctggacctc atcagccgcc tttccagaga acatggggct tttgatgccg 2400 tgaagtgcac tcactgggca gaagggggca agggtgcctt agccctggct caggccgtcc 2460 agagagcagc acaagcaccc agcagcttcc agctccttta tgacctcaag ctcccagttg 2520 aggataaaat caggatcatt gcacagaaga tctatggagc agatgacatt gaattacttc 2580 ccgaagctca acacaaagct gaagtctaca cgaagcaggg ctttgggaat ctccccatct 2640 gcatggctaa aacacacttg tctttgtctc acaacccaga gcaaaaaggt gtccctacag 2700 gcttcattct gcccattcgc gacatccgcg ccagcgttgg ggctggtttt ctgtacccct 2760 tagtaggaac gatgagcaca atgcctggac tccccacccg gccctgtttt tatgatattg 2820 atttggaccc tgaaacagaa caggtgaatg gattattcta aacagatcac catccatctt 2880 caagaagcta ctttgaaagt ctggccagtg tctattcagg cccactggga gttaggaagt 2940 ataagtaagc caagagaagt cagcccctgc ccagaagatc tgaaactaat agtaggagtt 3000 tccccagaag tcattttcag ccttaattct catcatgtat aaattaacat aaatcatgca 3060 tgtctgttta ctttagtgac gttccacaga ataaaaggaa acaagtttgc ca 3112 10 1792 DNA Homo sapiens 10 cgcagcccag actcagactg gggaagcaaa caggggctgg acaggccagg agagcctgtc 60 ggacagtgat cctgagatgt gggagttgct gcagagggag aaggacaggc agtgtcgtgg 120 cctggagctc attgcctcag agaacttctg cagccgagct gcgctggagg ccctggggtc 180 ctgtctgaac aacaagtact cggagggtta tcctggcaag agatactatg ggggagcaga 240 ggtggtggat gaaattgagc tgctgtgcca gcgccgggcc ttggaagcct ttgacctgga 300 tcctgcacag tggggagtca atgtccagcc ctactccggg tccccagcca acctggccgt 360 ctacacagcc cttctgcaac ctcacgaccg gatcatgggg ctggacctgc ccgatggggg 420 ccatctcacc cacggctaca tgtctgacgt caagcggata tcagccacgt ccatcttctt 480 cgagtctatg ccctataagc tcaaccccaa aactggcctc attgactaca accagctggc 540 actgactgct cgacttttcc ggccacggct catcatagct ggcaccagcg cctatgctcg 600 cctcattgac tacgcccgca tgagagaggt gtgtgatgaa gtcaaagcac acctgctggc 660 agacatggcc cacatcagtg gcctggtggc tgccaaggtg attccctcgc ctttcaagca 720 cgcggacatc gtcaccacca ctactcacaa gactcttcga ggggccaggt cagggctcat 780 cttctaccgg aaaggggtga aggctgtgga ccccaagact ggccgggaga tcctttacac 840 atttgaggac cgaatcaact ttgccgtgtt cccatccctt caggggggcc cccacaatca 900 tgccattgct gcagtagctg tggccctaaa gcaggcctgc acccccatgt tccgggagta 960 ctccctgcag gttctgaaga atgctcgggc catggcagat gccctgctag agcgaggcta 1020 ctcactggta tcaggtggta ctgacaacca cctggtgctg gtggacctgc ggcccaaggg 1080 cctggatgga gctcgggctg agcgggtgct agagcttgta tccatcactg ccaacaagaa 1140 cacctgtcct ggagaccgaa gtgccatcac accgggcggc ctgcggcttg gggccccagc 1200 cttaacttct cgacagttcc gtgaggatga cttccggaga gttgtggact ttatagatga 1260 aggggtcaac attggcttag aggtgaagag caagactgcc aagctccagg atttcaaatc 1320 cttcctgctt aaggactcag aaacaagtca gcgtctggcc aacctcaggc aacgggtgga 1380 gcagtttgcc agggccttcc ccatgcctgg ttttgatgag cattgaaggc acctgggaaa 1440 tgaggcccac agactcaaag ttactctcct tccccctacc tgggccagtg aaatagaaag 1500 cctttctatt ttttggtgcg ggagggaaga cctctcactt agggcaagag ccaggtatag 1560 tctcccttcc cagaatttgt aactgagaag atcttttctt tttccttttt ttggtaacaa 1620 gacttagaag gagggcccag gcactttctg tttgaacccc tgtcatgatc acagtgtcag 1680 agacgcgtcc tctttcttgg ggaagttgag gagtgccctt cagagccagt agcaggcagg 1740 ggtgggtagg caccctcctt cctgttttta tctaataaaa tgctaacctg ca 1792 11 18596 DNA Homo sapiens 11 cctgtagtcc cagctacgcg agaggctgag gcagcagaat tacttgaacc caggaggcgg 60 aggttgcagt gagccgagat cgcgccactg cactccagcc tgggtgagag agcgagactc 120 tgtctcaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aagaccgcca gggctcaaac aaaaaacctc ggaaaagccc 180 tggcggtctt tttttttttt tttttttttt ttttttggga cagtcttgct ctgtcgccca 240 ggctggagta caatggtcgg atcttggctc actgcaacct ctgcctccca ggttcaagca 300 attcttctgc ctcagcctcc caagtagcca ccacgcccag ctaatttttg tacttttagt 360 agagacgggg gtttcaccat gttgtccagg ctggtcttga actcctgacc tcaggtgatc 420 cacccgcctc ggccccccaa agtactagga ttacaggcgt gagccaccgc gtccagcgcc 480 ctggcggttt ttaatcaagt agaaaagctg cattatacca cttgcttcgg ttgcttcagt 540 gagaacgaag aaatggaaat gcaaatccct tattagttgt aggaaacaga tctcaaacag 600 cagttttgtt gacaagaccg caggaaaacg tgggaactgt gctgctggct tagagaaggc 660 gcggtcgacc agacggttcc caaagggcgc agtccttccc agccaccgca cctgcatcca 720 ggttcccggg tttcctaaga ctctcagctg tggccctggg ctccgttctg tgccacaccc 780 gtggctcctg cgtttccccc tggcgcacgc tctctagagc gggggccgcc gcgaccccgc 840 cgagcaggaa gaggcggagc gcgggacggc cgcgggaaaa ggcgcgcgga aggggtcctg 900 ccaccgcgcc acttggcctg cctccgtccc gccgcgccac ttggcctgcc tccgtcccgc 960 cgcgccactt cgcctgcctc cgtcccccgc ccgccgcgcc atgcctgtgg ccggctcgga 1020 gctgccgcgc cggcccttgc cccccgccgc acaggagcgg gacgccgagc cgcgtccgcc 1080 gcacggggag ctgcagtacc tggggcagat ccaacacatc ctccgctgcg gcgtcaggaa 1140 ggacgaccgc acgggcaccg gcaccctgtc ggtattcggc atgcaggcgc gctacagcct 1200 gagaggtgac gccgcgggcc cctgcgggac gggtggcggg aaggagggag gcgcggctgg 1260 ggagagcgct cgggagctgc cgggcgctgc ggaccccgtt tagtcctaac ctcaatcctg 1320 ccagggaggg gacgcatcgt cctcctcgcc ttacagacgc cgaaacggag ggtcccatta 1380 gggacgtgac tggcgcgggc aacacacaca gcagcgacag ccgggaggta agccgcgtcc 1440 cagcggctcc gcggccgggc tcgcagtcgc cccagtgatg ccgtggcccc cgaggcgggc 1500 gtcatcgggc agcgtttgcc cagtgctgga gggttaggga gagctgcctg ggcttgaccg 1560 cgcgccggtc tcaaagtcct ggctttggcc cctcctccgt tttcccctgt ggaccattcc 1620 gcttcgcagc gttttcaaaa actggagcga aagtgatgtg ggcggggcaa aggcggcggg 1680 aagaggacag cactgaagct ggcgcgggaa cttggtttcc tggtggcctc ccatccaatc 1740 cccacgaacc agctttcctc ttaaaccttg aaaagagaaa ttcgggagtt cgagttctta 1800 gtcgtccttt cctctttcct ttccgacagg agcaccccag gcaaaaaatg tctcgcgggt 1860 cattggcgcc aggctttcag gggacagtgg ggcggggcgg ggtgggcaca ggacgttagg 1920 cagccgttgg ccctccctaa ggccacaccg tcctgccgtc ctggatcctg cgccagctgc 1980 gcgggggagg ggactcgaag gtgtgtgagc caggggctga ccttgaccgc tcagataaat 2040 ggagcgcagc cttgacacag gggtggaggt ggttttgaat ggggaaaccc attcgtggtg 2100 aagcagattc actgtagcta gcggaaaagc cctccggccc acggacccat ctagagacga 2160 atacatagca gctgctgtgg ctgattggcg tgggacagcg tggggagttt tgtctgagga 2220 gagggatcca cttttctgca gctccaagcc caggggcctt tgatgagcca tagacctcat 2280 ttttaaccca cctttctgct tagacattga gcaagttact tctcatatag cttccctata 2340 tgttaaaaat ggagaaaata atgcttagta ggcaattctg ataaaagcag gtgcttgcaa 2400 aaatctctct gttgtctgaa tataaactgt accacaagcg agtgcggatg aacgaggact 2460 gcatttaaag ataagttttt acactttcat ttctctgtgg ctcgacactt ctgatgcctc 2520 cctttttgtt cctgggacac atgcttggtg ttgtcttcac acctttgtga caggattagc 2580 actagtgggc agtggatgat agctcctcct cccttttgcc acatgttcat ccctgccctc 2640 gccaccatct cactgtgtgg aattcctgtg tccactggtc accggggcac agaagtgctg 2700 tctcagcctg aatcgggcca ctgatgggac ttgcagcctg ggagctccac cgtgatctct 2760 ggcccacttt gcgggagtct aggctttctg gatgctccag gcctcacgtc ccagggcagt 2820 tttcttccct gaagaaagtt ggatggcatg atctgtcttc ccatcttgaa accgtatggc 2880 aaattgtttt tcagatgaat tccctctgct gacaaccaaa cgtgtgttct ggaagggtgt 2940 tttggaggag ttgctgtggt ttatcaaggt aaagaagtcg ctgctattag aagtcagtag 3000 tctgttctca acacagcagc cagtgagatc ctttcaaaac tcaaagcagc caggtgtggt 3060 ggctcacgcc tgtaatccca ccgctttggg aggctgagtc agatcacctg aggttaggaa 3120 tttgggacca gcctggccaa catggcgaca ccccagtctc tactaataac acaaaaaatt 3180 agccaggtgt gctggtgcat gtctgtaatc ccagctactc aggaggctga ggcatgagaa 3240 ttgctcacga ggcggaggtt gtagtgagct gagatcgtgg cactgtactc cagcctggcg 3300 acagagggag aacccatgtc aaaaacaaaa aaagacacca ccaaaggtca aagcatatca 3360 ttcctcaccc tcaagccctt agtggctcca tttcactcag taagagccac ggtccttatg 3420 gtgtccgttt ttcagctctg accttagctg ctgctctctg caccaccctg ctgttcttgt 3480 gagtttttga gcacaccggg acatccccac tccctggaac cttcttcccc cacacttggc 3540 ttcttccttt gagtctctac tccactcggg caagccttcc tagacctcct gatttaaaac 3600 tgtgactctc ccccaacctc cttggtgttt ctccgtagac gaacatcacc atctgatgta 3660 tgtcagcctt tcccttcccc tgttagaagg gggacagcag gtagtaaaag tgaaatgtgc 3720 tgtaagcttt atgagggcag aggatttgtt tctcgtgttc actgttgtat cgccagggcc 3780 tcaaacacag cctgccacat agtaggagtc aacatatatt gatcactaaa tgtagatacc 3840 acctgtgttc ccatgttcat ataaattcta gaagagtctc ttcagtaaca aggtgaaccc 3900 cttccagagg gctgagtagg tacctcaggc cggggccaga gtgctgtgaa gacagcagca 3960 gcccagacca agcttctctg tgttccgtgt cctggtctag aaccagcgat gttctttctg 4020 accagtgctt tttggaaggt ggctgaggtc tgggctcagg tctgggccat actagaagct 4080 gggatccctt ctatagagca cttggtatgg cttgtatggt cttggggcaa gccagaccca 4140 agccctctta tcccatttta gaaagggctt caatttggat ccagccccag gtctgcctta 4200 gctctgtatt cttggggtat tttgttctgt attggcctat cttgactaac aatgagcctt 4260 ggatttgaaa catatcatca gaaacctcag aagacaacat tcttaaactg gctagagcct 4320 ggtctgaatg gatgaaaagg agagactttt gaagcaatat gtaaaagatt gagaaatgat 4380 ttgttggaaa tttctcaatt ggagaaattt ctttgatttg ttggaaattt ctttgattct 4440 ttctcaatca aagaaaatcg ggacaaactc aacaatagaa agggaggaag caagatactc 4500 agaaataaaa tgcattcccc tgtttcaact taatgcttca attcaggatt ctaaggaatc 4560 cttgccagga atgtcagact caccttgata gttggagtta ctccattggt gactcgatca 4620 aatacaggag ttgaggcacc tgcactgtaa aatactgatt agtctgatca ttaggaatat 4680 cctgtatgcc aggtagaaga tacattgaac agattgcatg taggcattaa attcattttg 4740 gggtattaca tatagacaac acatttcatt aagaaacata aaactgtcag atcggtggaa 4800 tacttaaaag cacttggagg tgtttagcct aaaaagctta gttgagggga atggaagaaa 4860 agatctggga gggtggttcc aaagaaggga tcagactatc ctaaagccct caggaatctg 4920 ggctgggacc acctacttaa agataggatg ggcagctggg tgtggtggct cacgcctgta 4980 atcccagcac ttcgggaggc cgaagcgggc ggatcacctg aggtcaggag ttcgaggcca 5040 gcctgaccaa catggagaaa cgctgtctct actaaaaata caaaattagc tgggtgtagt 5100 ggcgcatgcc tgtaatccca gctactcggg aggctgaggc aggggaatcg cttgaacctg 5160 ggaggtggag ggtgccgtga gccacgatcg cgccattgca ctccagcctg ggcaacaaga 5220 gcgaaactct caaaaaacaa aaaaaaggat gggttccata tgggtggtgt caagtgccca 5280 cctcctagca agtcagcagg ggccagaggc ccttgtaagt ggtgtctcgg ggggatcaac 5340 tgagatggct taagatttac ctggatgcct gctctgctct ccccatctct tccagggatc 5400 cacaaatgct aaagagctgt cttccaaggg agtgaaaatc tgggatgcca atggatcccg 5460 agactttttg gacagcctgg gattctccac cagagaagaa ggggacttgg gcccagttta 5520 tggcttccag tggaggcatt ttggggcaga atacagagat atggaatcag gtgaggagat 5580 agaacaatgc cttccatttc cgggtgccct tcctagcacg tgtttgctcc gttgttttag 5640 ataaggtctg ggggatgagt caatgtcaca ggagctgatg tatagctttg accttgtgag 5700 gggtggtgcc aggttgaagc cacaattaac gcctactgaa ggccgtttca catctttttt 5760 tttttttttt ttttaattat tatactttaa gttttagggt acatgtgcac aatgtgcagg 5820 ttagttacat atgtatacat gtgccatgct ggtgcgctgc accactaact caccatctag 5880 catcaggtat atctcccaat gctatccctc ccccctcctc ccaccccaca acatccccag 5940 agtgtgatgt tccccttcct gtgtccatat gttctcgttg ttcgattccc actatgagtg 6000 agaatatgcg gtgtttggtt ttttgttctt gcgatagttt actgagaatg atgatttcca 6060 tttcaccacg tccctacaga ggacatgaac tcatcatttt ttatggctgc atagtattcc 6120 atggtgtata tgtgccacat tttcttaatc cagtctatca tgttggacat ttgggttggt 6180 tccaagtctt tgcctattgt gaatagtgcc acaataaaca tacgtgtgca tgtgtcttta 6240 tagcagcatg atttaatagt cctttgggta tatacccagt aatgggatgg ctgggtcaaa 6300 tggtatttct agttctagat ccccgaggaa tcgccacact gacttccaca atggttgaac 6360 tagtttacag tcccaccaac agtgtcaaag tgtcctattt ctccacatcc tctccagcac 6420 ctgttgtttc ctgacttttt aatgattgcc attctaactg gtgtgagatg gtatctcatt 6480 gtggttttga tttgcgtttc tctgatggcc agtgatggtg agcatttttt catgtgtttt 6540 ttggctgcat aaatgtcttc ttttgagaag tgtctgttca tgtccttcgc ccactttttg 6600 atggggttgt ttttttctta taaatttgtt tgagttcatt gtagattctg gatattagcc 6660 ctttgtcaga tgagtaggtt gcaaaaatgt tctcccattt tgtgggttgc ctgttcactc 6720 tgatggtagt ttcttttgct gtgcagaagc tctttagttt aattagatcc catttgtcaa 6780 ttttggcttt tgttgccatt gcttttggca taggcatgaa gtccttgccc atgcctatgt 6840 cctgaatggt aatgcctagg ttttcttcta gggtttttat ggttttaggt ctaacgttta 6900 agtctttaat ccatcttgaa ttgatttttg tataaggtgt aaggaaggga tccagtttca 6960 gctttttaca tatggctagc cagttttccc agcaccattt attacatagg gaatcctttc 7020 cccattgctt gtttttctca ggtttgtcaa agatcagata gttgtagata tgcggcgtta 7080 tttctgaggg ctctgttctg ttccattgat ctatgtgtct gttttggtac cagtaccata 7140 ctgttttggt tactgtagcc ttgtagtata gtttgaagtc aggtagcgtg atgcctccag 7200 ctttgttctt ttggcttagg attgacttgg cgatgcgggc tcttttttgg ttccatatga 7260 actttaaagt agttttttcc aattctgtga agaaagtcat tggtagcttg atggggatgg 7320 cattgaatct ataaattacc ttgggcagta tggccatttt cacgatattg attcttccta 7380 cccatgagca tggaatggtc ttccatttct ttgtatcctc ttttatttca ttgagcagtg 7440 gtttgtagtt ctccttgaag aggtccttca catccctttt aaggtggatt cctaggtatt 7500 ttattctctt tgaagcaatt gtgagtggaa gttcactcat gatttggctc tctgtttgtc 7560 tgttattggt gtataagaat gcttgtgatt tttgcagatt gattttatat cctgagactt 7620 tgctgaagct gcttatcagc ttaaggagat tttgggctga gacaatgggg ttttctagat 7680 atacaatcat gtcgtctgca aacagggaca atttgacttc ctcttttcct aattgaatac 7740 cctttatttc cttctcctgc ctaattgccc tggccagaac ttccaacact atgttgaata 7800 ggagtggtga gagagggcat ccctgtcttg tgccagtttt caaagggaat gcttccagtt 7860 tttgcccatt cactatgata ttggctgtgg ctttgtcata gatagctctt attattttga 7920 aatatgttcc atcaatacct aatttattga gagtttttag catgatgtgt tgttgaattt 7980 tgtcaaaggc tttttctgca tctattgaga taatcatgtg gtttttgtct ttggatctgt 8040 ttatatgctg gattacattt attgatttgc gtatattgaa ccagccttgc atcctaggga 8100 tgaagcccac atgatcatgg tggataagct ttttgatgtg ctgctggatt cggtttgcca 8160 gtattttatt gaggattttt gcatcaatgt tcatcaagga tattggtcta aaattctctt 8220 ttttggtgtg tctctgccca gctttggtat caggatgatg ttggcttcat aaaatgagtt 8280 agggaggatt ccctcttttt ctattgattg gaatagtttc agaaggaatg gtaccagttc 8340 ctctttgtac ctctggagaa ttcggctgtg aatccatctg gtcctggact ctctttggtt 8400 ggtaagctat tgattattgc cacaatttca gctcctgtta ttggtctatt cagagattca 8460 acttcttcct ggtttagtct tgggagagtg tatgtgtcaa ggaatttatc catttcttct 8520 agattttcta gtttatttgc gtagaggtgt ttgtagtaat ctctgatggt agtttgtatt 8580 tctgtgggat cggtggtgat atccccttta tcatttttta ttgcgtctat ttgattcttc 8640 tctttttctt tattagtctt gctagcggtc tataaatttt gttgatcctt tcaaaaaacc 8700 agctcctgga ttcattaatt ttttgaaggg ttttttgtgt ctctatttcc ttcagttctg 8760 ctctgatttt agttatttct tgccttctgc tagcttttga atatgtttgc tcttgctttt 8820 ctagttcttt taattgtgat gttagggtgt caattttgga tctttcctgc tttctcttgt 8880 gggcatttag tgctataaat ttccctctac acactgcttt gaatgtgtcc cagaggttct 8940 ggtatgttgt gtctttgttc ttgttggttt caaagaacat ctttatttct gccttcattt 9000 cgttatgtac ccagtagtca ttcaggagca ggttgttcag tttccatgta gttgagcagt 9060 tttgagtgag attcttaatc ctgagttcta gtttgattgc actgtggtct gagagatagt 9120 ttgttataat ttctgttctt ttacatttgc tgaggagagc tttacttcca actatgtggt 9180 cggttttgga ataggtgtgg tgtggtgctg aaaaaaatgt atattctgtt gatttgggat 9240 ggagttctgt agatgtctat taggtctgct tggtgcagag ctgagttcaa ttcctgggta 9300 tccttgttga ctttctgtct cgttgatctg tgtactgttg acagtgggtg ttaaagtctc 9360 ccattattaa tgtgtggagt ctaagtctct ttgtaggtca ctcagatgat tggcacttac 9420 tgggcgcttg gcactttcca tactgtgtca tcggcagata gctgcatggt tggtgttcgt 9480 gctggggaat gggaagttca tcggtgggac aaggacaaaa tgcccccatt gctttgttgt 9540 ggctttaatc tccctttcga ggctgagcca cagcgtgctg taggtggcgc tgctgtgaag 9600 cgcagtacca gggtcacact ccactcccag ctctgcagag gtggagaaag aatgaaacat 9660 ctcactcctg gacttccact ttcctgtcac tgttggtgtc acctcttact ggatgtcaca 9720 gagcccagcc cctcccacct gtgcctagga aaagcagatg ccaccttgga atgtggggtt 9780 tgtgtgtgca atttactagc tgggcagaga ccagcaacct ggagagcagg tgtctcgtct 9840 aaggggacag tcacatttca cctccagcca cctggaggaa tttgggcctg gtgatgtcag 9900 aattcttcaa taaaagccta aaatctatat tttatgtgcg gtcatgagat ctgttaaatg 9960 ttagcaactt caggaagttt aaaaatgctg tgtggaccta gaataggcaa gttcttaaag 10020 gcagaaagtg gaatgctagt ttccagggac tggggaacag ggaggaatgg ggagttcatg 10080 tttaatgggc acagaggttt tgttagggat gacgaaaaag ttcgggagat ggtgatggtg 10140 atggagatgg tgatggtgat ggagatggtg atggtgatgg tgatggtgat gggtgatggt 10200 gatggtgatg gtgatggtga tggagatggt gatggtgatg gtgatggaga tggtgatggt 10260 gatggtgatg gtgatggaga tggtgatggt gatggagatg gtgatggtga tggtgatgga 10320 gatggtgatg gtgatggtga tggtgatggt gatggtgatg gtgatggaga tggagatggt 10380 gatggtgatg gttgcctaac atcaggaacg tgcttaatgc ttctgaattg cacacaaaaa 10440 tggcaagttt aatattatgt gtactttatc acaatgaaaa aagctgctgc gtgggccaag 10500 ttacttgtgc aggtaatgtt ctgcaggtgg ttgcctgcac ctcagttgta gggtgtccgt 10560 aggatgtgag gccagtcccc gggcttaatg atgctttaaa tcctgcctag tattcaatta 10620 tttcttgtcg cttaaaaggc ctaataaaat tatggtctta gtttacagtg gtatgaatgc 10680 ttagctgttg gattttagta ggaaagttcg tccctttttg tttttaattt tgttttacag 10740 attcacagga attttttttt tttttttttt tttttttttt taatgcacag aaagtttccc 10800 tggactctct acccagtttc cccagtgata atatcttggg taacatcctg tatacattca 10860 cattggtgca ttcctcagag ttgtcagatt ttgctagttt tacgtgcact tgtgtatgtg 10920 tgtatttgca attttagcac gtgtagactc ttgtaaccac tacaatcaag ttacagaact 10980 acactaccaa ggttcatctt tttaaaatct ttgatgttac cttttttgga acagtgacca 11040 tgagaggact ttcctcccaa aattttgaaa actactgaac cagaatatag tctgacacta 11100 ataggtagaa atttaaccaa aggagattat gaagctctgc acttgagtta acaaaatcac 11160 ttctcagctt ccagttccat ctcagaagga aggaaaaggg attaaaaatc cagagaccag 11220 aaaatgggag caaagtacaa ggtggtgtaa tcattacaga ggtttcctga tgtttccaag 11280 tcagtcgtgt gttgagctgc taaactctaa agtaatttta ggtggaatgt tggaaacatg 11340 ctgctgaggt gatagaaagg aatccatggt cctctgttag ttggaaagta tatggaatac 11400 tatattctac ataagataca atactctctg tgagacaagg ataaagtaga ttttgtcagt 11460 gaaattgtga caagaatcgc tgatgggttt agagcctaag tttgcgagga gcactggaag 11520 aaattaagat tgttgagatt ggaaagggtt agctatgggg gaacaggagg aggtgactcc 11580 atgacagacc aaatattcaa aggactgtgt agaagaggaa aaagactttg ttagggctcc 11640 agaggacaga gccaggagtc agacagggcc ttgaactcaa cccaccgaga tctgcaaact 11700 ttgcaggatg caccagatgt cttgtagcca tgggtcaagg ggggaccctg ggtaagagac 11760 tgtaatagat gacctctaag gccatctcat gacatgtgtg attaatgtat gtacctgtcc 11820 tctctttttg acaattctac agattattca ggacagggag ttgaccaact gcaaagagtg 11880 attgacacca tcaaaaccaa ccctgacgac agaagaatca tcatgtgcgc ttggaatcca 11940 agaggttgaa agaaccccgt cgtcttcatt tatactaacc atactcttag agggaagcaa 12000 tctggttttg tgcagaggca ctgagggagg caggaccctg ggcaacttcc cccagccaca 12060 tggttgtgtg acgttgggca agtcacattt tgctgcactt tcaccttcag atcatgaggt 12120 tgggcccaga ggattttttt tttttttttt ttttttgaga cagagttttg ctctgttgcc 12180 caggctggaa tgcaacggcg tgatcttggc tcactgtaac ctctgcctcc tgggttcgag 12240 tgattctcct gcctcagcct ccaagtagct gggattacag catgtgccac catgcctggc 12300 taattttgta tttttagtag agacgggttc acatgttggt caggctggtc ttgactcctg 12360 accctcagat gatctgcctt gcctcagcct cccaaccgag tgatcttaag ttgtgtatta 12420 tactcattct tacacaaaaa gggctttaaa tgcctagaaa ctacatgaag atgttaacat 12480 tttaaatgga agcagatgaa gttccagctc gctgccacct cactaacatt tttaacaatt 12540 atattgtaaa attcaactct accagggtgt agagccaggt gtggtggctc acacctgtaa 12600 ttccaacaac tccagaggcc aaggcgagag gatcatttga acccacggaa tttgaggctg 12660 tagtgagtca tgatcacgcc attgcactcc atcctgggca acagagtgag accctgaata 12720 tttaaaaaca acaacaacaa caaaactcta tcaggatatc ataagtactt agagtgaaat 12780 acttgcatct gtaatagaga cttatttttt ttttttttga gacacagtct caccctgttg 12840 cccaggctgg agtgcagtgg tttgatctcc gctcacggca acctccatct cccaggttca 12900 agtgagttcc cattcctcag ccccagagct gggaccacag gcgcgcgaat ttttgtattt 12960 ttagcagaga cggggtttca ctatgttggc caggctagtc tcaaactcaa gttggcctca 13020 agtgatctgc ccaccctggc gtcccagtgt tgggatttca ggcatgagcc actgtgcctg 13080 gccatgtaat agagactttt aatataggag ggtgtaccag aagcaccagt ttcctgtggc 13140 aaacagaatt attcctgctg tatttgtaat ttggtgccac gaggtagccc agatcccttc 13200 agctctgatg gaagagcatt gcttcagccg taaatggaca cctgcagaaa ccttgcaccg 13260 atggatagtc tccctcagct ccgtgccatc gctgcagggg ctgttatgga catcactgca 13320 gcccagtggc tctctctcct ggtctccacc atatgagttg gcttctgttt ctctcctgtt 13380 ttactttgcc tttagctgtg gtctttcaaa ccaccatccc tccttatctt cctctgctgg 13440 ttcctcagat cttcctctga tggcgctgcc tccatgccat gccctctgcc agttctatgt 13500 ggtgaacagt gagctgtcct gccagctgta ccagagatcg ggagacatgg gcctcggtgt 13560 gcctttcaac atcgccagct acgccctgct cacgtacatg attgcgcaca tcacgggcct 13620 gaaggtgggc tgtctcggga agggtgactt gccagcctac cacatgagct cttcagttct 13680 ttaatatggg aaaacaaatt gcagagttta gtctctgatt agcttttaaa tttgatatgt 13740 gtaagtaaga catgaaccag cttttacttt gaaaccttcc ttttctggaa ggttttctgg 13800 ccctgtggta tatgcactaa cagatctata caggttgttt gtgatacagc ttctatggat 13860 cttctcaaaa gctatgctga ggttgggtat ggtggctcat gcctgtaatc ccagcacttt 13920 ggaagactga gacaggagca attgcttgag gtctggagtt caataccagc ctgggcaaca 13980 taacaagatg ctgttgctac aaaaaaatgg aaaagctaca ctaaattatt tttttaaaaa 14040 aagccttgcg gtgtctgcat attctaatgt ttttaaatga tgttttaaag aattgaaact 14100 aacatactgt tctgctttct cccggtttat agccaggtga ctttatacac actttgggag 14160 atgcacatat ttacctgaat cacatcgagc cactgaaaat tcaggtaaga attagatgtt 14220 atacttttgg gtttggtacc ttctcttgat aaaaggttga ctgtggaaca ggtatctgct 14280 caatgctgtg tccaagataa agatgactgc tccaaatgtg gggcttcagt ttagggagaa 14340 gtggtgggca ggtgggcagg acaaggcagg catctgcctc agcaaccatg gcacttaact 14400 tgtcaggtgc tgtgaggtac taagcaccag taccagagag ggaagagcca cattcaagcc 14460 aggggattgt ccaaaaggag gcattttaac tcattttaac ttgaaggaga attgaagtgc 14520 aaatgttttt ccttttcttt ttttttgaga tggagtcttt ctctgtcggc caggctggag 14580 tgtgccgtgg tgcgatctca gctcactgca acctccacct cccgggttca agcaattctt 14640 ctgcctcagc ctcccaggta gctgggatta caggcacatg ccaccacacc cagctaattt 14700 tttgtattat tagtagagat ggggtttcgt catgttggcc aggctgatct caaactcctg 14760 acttcaagtg taccacctgc ctcagcctcc gaaagttctg gaattacagg cataagccac 14820 caccctggcc ataaatattt tttgttaatt ttacattaag tacaatattt aggtccaaac 14880 ttcaaaagtc tgttgaaatc cctgaagtta tagcagccaa caattgatat gaaatggcaa 14940 taaaaatgta agttcatctg cttcatgagc cttaaggaaa aaaactcaga accagacact 15000 ttttagcccc ttccaggtta gatccaggtt ttaaaagtta ttcctttgag ggagtttggc 15060 tgcttttgag tggaggtgac ttcaggctta ttctctctgg ctctctgctc tggtcatttt 15120 tagacatagt aataggttgt gacctgtctt cacatcctaa ttgccactgt ctgttcatcc 15180 caggaatcct ggctttcatc cctttctgtt cactgtccat gcatgtcatc tttccttctt 15240 tctgccaggg accagatggg ttagggattg tgaattcaag taaacgtaga gctactatga 15300 gttacagatt gactgtgttc ctgtctttaa taaatttgcc aagagtggtt ataagaactt 15360 acacctgatg aggcaccagg ctcctgatgc tgtgtaatgt cacaaaatac ccctcactct 15420 cgatctgtgc aagagaacag ctggttgcgc tccaatcatg ttacataacc tacgcgaagg 15480 tatcgacagg atcatactcc tgtaaaatag aactttgttg atcacatcct gtgtacttgt 15540 ttcacggaca tgaggagcaa ttacaacagg tcgtacaatt atggcaaaat aatggcctta 15600 ttttgttttt agcttcagcg agaacccaga cctttcccaa agctcaggat tcttcgaaaa 15660 gttgagaaaa ttgatgactt caaagctgaa gactttcaga ttgaagggta caatccgcat 15720 ccaactatta aaatggaaat ggctgtttag ggtgctttca aaggagctcg aaggatattg 15780 tcagtcttta ggggttgggc tggatgccga ggtaaaagtt ctttttgctc taaaagaaaa 15840 aggaactagg tcaaaaatct gtccgtgacc tatcagttat taatttttaa ggatgttgcc 15900 actggcaaat gtaactgtgc cagttctttc cataataaaa ggctttgagt taactcactg 15960 agggtatctg acaatgctga ggttatgaac aaagtgagga gaatgaaatg tatgtgctct 16020 tagcaaaaac atgtatgtgc atttcaatcc cacgtactta taaagaaggt tggtgaattt 16080 cacaagctat ttttggaata tttttagaat attttaagaa tttcacaagc tattccctca 16140 aatctgaggg agctgagtaa caccatcgat catgatgtag agtgtggtta tgaactttaa 16200 agttatagtt gttttatatg ttgctataat aaagaagtgt tctgcattcg tccacgcttt 16260 gttcattctg tactgccact tatctgctca gttccttcct aaaatagatt aaagaactct 16320 ccttaagtaa acatgtgctg tattctggtt tggatgctac ttaaaagagt atattttaga 16380 aataatagtg aatatatttt gccctatttt tctcatttta actgcatctt atcctcaaaa 16440 tataatgacc atttaggata gagttttttt tttttttttt taaactttta taaccttaaa 16500 gggttatttt aaaataatct atggactacc attttgccct cattagcttc agcatggtgt 16560 gacttctcta ataatatgct tagattaagc aaggaaaaga tgcaaaacca cttcggggtt 16620 aatcagtgaa atatttttcc cttcgttgca taccagatac ccccggtgtt gcacgactat 16680 ttttattctg ctaatttatg acaagtgtta aacagaacaa ggaattattc caacaagtta 16740 tgcaacatgt tgcttatttt caaattacag tttaatgtct aggtgccagc ccttgatata 16800 gctatttttg taagaacatc ctcctggact ttgggttagt taaatctaaa cttatttaag 16860 gattaagtag gataacgtgc attgatttgc taaaagaatc aagtaataat tacttagctg 16920 attcctgagg gtggtatgac ttctagctga actcatcttg atcggtagga ttttttaaat 16980 ccatttttgt aaaactattt ccaagaaatt ttaagccctt tcacttcaga aagaaaaaag 17040 ttgttggggc tgagcactta attttcttga gcaggaagga gtttcttcca aacttcacca 17100 tctggagact ggtgtttctt tacagattcc tccttcattt ctgttgagta gccgggatcc 17160 tatcaaagac caaaaaaatg agtcctgtta acaaccacct ggaacaaaaa cagattttat 17220 gcatttatgc tgctccaaga aatgctttta cgtctaagcc agaggcaatt aattaatttt 17280 tttttttttg acatggagtc actgtccgtt gcccaggctg cagtgcagtg gcgcaatctt 17340 ggctcactgc aacctccacc tcccaggttc aagtgattct cctgcctcag cctcccatgt 17400 agctgggatc acaggcacct gccaccatgc ccggctaatt ttttgtattt tttgtagaga 17460 cagggtttca ccatgttggc caggctggtc tcaaacacct gacctcaaat gatccacctg 17520 cctcagcctc ccaaagtgtt gggattacag gcgtaagcca ccatgcccag ccctgaatta 17580 atatttttaa aataagtttg gagactgttg gaaataatag ggcagaggaa catattttac 17640 tggctacttg ccagagttag ttaactcatc aaactctttg ataatagttt gacctctgtt 17700 ggtgaaaatg agccatgatc tcttgaacat gatcagaata aatgccccag ccacacaatt 17760 gtagtccaaa ctttttaggt cactaacttg ctagatggtg ccaggttttt ttgcacaagg 17820 agtgcaaatg ttaagatctc cactagtgag gaaaggctag tattacagaa gccttgtcag 17880 aggcaattga acctccaagc cctggccctc aggcctgagg attttgatac agacaaactg 17940 aagaaccgtt tgttagtgga tattgcaaac aaacaggagt caaagcttgg tgctccacag 18000 tctagttcac gagacaggcg tggcagtggc tggcagcatc tcttctcaca ggggccctca 18060 ggcacagctt accttgggag gcatgtagga agcccgctgg atcatcacgg gatacttgaa 18120 atgctcatgc aggtggtcaa catactcaca caccctagga ggagggaatc agatcggggc 18180 aatgatgcct gaagtcagat tattcacgtg gtgctaactt aaagcagaag gagcgagtac 18240 cactcaattg acagtgttgg ccaaggctta gctgtgttac catgcgtttc taggcaagtc 18300 cctaaacctc tgtgcctcag gtccttttct tctaaaatat agcaatgtga ggtggggact 18360 ttgatgacat gaacacacga agtccctctg agaggttttg tggtgccctt taaaagggat 18420 caattcagac tctgtaaata tccagaatta tttgggttcc tctggtcaaa agtcagatga 18480 atagattaaa atcaccacat tttgtgatct atttttcaag aagcgtttgt attttttcat 18540 atggctgcag cagctgccag gggcttgggg tttttttggc aggtagggtt gggagg 18596 12 3291 DNA Homo sapiens 12 accgggcaag cgggaaccag gtggccaccc ggtgtcggtt tcattttcct ttggaatttc 60 tgctttacag acagaacaat ggcagcccga gtacttataa ttggcagtgg aggaagggaa 120 catacgctgg cctggaaact tgcacagtct catcatgtca aacaagtgtt ggttgcccca 180 ggaaacgcag gcactgcctg ctctgaaaag atttcaaata ccgccatctc aatcagtgac 240 cacactgccc ttgctcaatt ctgcaaagag aagaaaattg aatttgtagt tgttggacca 300 gaagcacctc tggctgctgg gattgttggg aacctgaggt ctgcaggagt gcaatgcttt 360 ggcccaacag cagaagcggc tcagttagag tccagcaaaa ggtttgccaa agagtttatg 420 gacagacatg gaatcccaac cgcacaatgg aaggctttca ccaaacctga agaagcctgc 480 agcttcattt tgagtgcaga cttccctgct ttggttgtga aggccagtgg tcttgcagct 540 ggaaaagggg tgattgttgc aaagagcaaa gaagaggcct gcaaagctgt acaagagatc 600 atgcaggaga aagcctttgg ggcagctgga gaaacaattg tcattgaaga acttcttgac 660 ggagaagagg tgtcgtgtct gtgtttcact gatggcaaga ctgtggcccc catgccccca 720 gcacaggacc ataagcgatt actggaggga gatggtggcc ctaacacagg gggaatggga 780 gcctattgtc cagcccctca ggtttctaat gatctattac taaaaattaa agatactgtt 840 cttcagagga cagtggatgg catgcagcaa gagggtactc catatacagg tattctctat 900 gctggaataa tgctgaccaa gaatggccca aaagttctag agtttaattg ccgttttggt 960 gatccagagt gccaagtaat cctcccactt cttaaaagtg atctttatga agtgattcag 1020 tccaccttag atggactgct ctgcacatct ctgcctgttt ggctagaaaa ccacaccgcc 1080 ctaactgttg tcatggcaag taaaggttat cctggagact acaccaaggg tgtagagata 1140 acagggtttc ctgaggctca agctctagga ctggaggtgt tccatgcagg cactgccctc 1200 aaaaatggca aagtagtaac tcatgggggt agagttcttg cagtcacagc catccgggaa 1260 aatctcatat cagcccttga ggaagccaag aaaggactag ctgctataaa gtttgaggga 1320 gcaatttata ggaaagacgt cggctttcgt gccatagctt tcctccagca gcccaggagt 1380 ttgacttaca aggaatctgg agtagatatc gcagctggaa atatgctggt caagaaaatt 1440 cagcctttag caaaagccac ttccagatca ggctgtaaag ttgatcttgg aggttttgct 1500 ggtctttttg atttaaaagc agctggtttc aaagatcccc ttctggcctc tggaacagat 1560 ggcgttggaa ctaaactaaa gattgcccag ctatgcaata aacatgatac cattggtcaa 1620 gatttggtag caatgtgtgt taatgatatt ctggcacaag gagcagagcc cctcttcttc 1680 cttgattact tttcctgtgg aaaacttgac ctcagtgtaa ctgaagctgt tgttgctgga 1740 attgctaaag cttgtggaaa agctggatgt gctctccttg gaggtgaaac agcagaaatg 1800 cctgacatgt atccccctgg agagtatgac ctagctgggt ttgccgttgg tgccatggag 1860 cgagatcaga aactccctca cctggaaaga atcactgagg gtgatgttgt tgttggaata 1920 gcttcatctg gtcttcatag caatggattt agccttgtga ggaaaatcgt tgcaaaatct 1980 tccctccagt actcctctcc agcacctgat ggttgtggtg accagacttt aggggactta 2040 cttctcacgc ctaccagaat ctacagccat tcactgttac ctgtcctacg ttcaggacat 2100 gtcaaagcct ttgcccatat tactggtgga ggattactag agaacatccc cagagtcctc 2160 cctgagaaac ttggggtaga tttagatgcc cagacctgga ggatccccag ggttttctca 2220 tggttgcagc aggaaggaca cctctctgag gaagagatgg ccagaacatt taactgtggg 2280 gttggcgctg tccttgtggt atcaaaggag cagacagagc agattctgag ggatatccag 2340 cagcacaagg aagaagcctg ggtgattggc agtgtggttg cacgagctga aggttcccca 2400 cgtgtgaaag tcaagaatct gattgaaagc atgcaaataa atgggtcagt gttgaagaat 2460 ggctccctga caaatcattt ctcttttgaa aaaaaaaagg ccagagtggc tgtcttaata 2520 tctggaacag gatcgaacct gcaagcactt atagacagta ctcgggaacc aaatagctct 2580 gcacaaattg atattgttat ctccaacaaa gccgcagtag ctgggttaga taaagcggaa 2640 agagctggta ttcccactag agtaattaat cataaactgt ataaaaatcg tgtagaattt 2700 gacagtgcaa ttgacctagt ccttgaagag ttctccatag acatagtctg tcttgcagga 2760 ttcatgagaa ttctttctgg cccctttgtc caaaagtgga atggaaaaat gctcaatatc 2820 cacccatcct tgctcccttc ttttaagggt tcaaatgccc atgagcaagc cctggaaacc 2880 ggagtcacag ttactgggtg cactgtacac tttgtagctg aagatgtgga tgctggacag 2940 attattttgc aagaagctgt tcccgtgaag aggggtgata ctgtcgcaac tctttctgaa 3000 agagtaaaat tagcagaaca taaaatattt cctgcagccc ttcagctggt ggccagtgga 3060 actgtacagc ttggagaaaa tggcaagatc tgttgggtta aagaggaatg aagcctttta 3120 attcagaaat ggggccagtt tagaaagaat tatttgctgt ttgcatggtg gttttttatc 3180 atggacttgg cccaaaagaa aaactgctaa aagacaaaaa agacctcacc cttacttcat 3240 ctattttttt aataaataga gactcactaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a 3291 13 1776 DNA Homo sapiens 13 atggtgccct ccagcccagc ggtggagaag caggtgcccg tggaacctgg gcctgacccc 60 gagctccggt cctggcggcg cctcgtgtgc tacctttgct tctacggctt catggcgcag 120 atacggccag gggagagctt catcaccccc tacctcctgg ggcccgacaa gaacttcacg 180 cgggacgagg tcacgaacga gatcacgccg gtgctgtcgt actcctacct ggccgtgctg 240 gtgcccgtgt tcctgctcac cgactacctg cgctacacgc cggtgctgct gctgcagggg 300 ctcagcttcg tgtcggtgtg gctgctgctg ctgctgggcc actcggtggc gcacatgcag 360 ctcatggagc tcttctacag cgtcaccatg gccgcgcgca tcgcctattc ctcctacatc 420 ttctctctcg tgcggcccgc gcgctaccag cgtgtggccg gctactcgcg cgctgcggtg 480 ctgctgggcg tgttcaccag ctccgtgctg ggccagctgc tggtcactgt gggccgagtc 540 tccttctcca cgctcaacta catctcgctg gccttcctca ccttcagcgt ggtcctcgcc 600 ctcttcctga agcgccccaa gcgcagcctc ttcttcaacc gcgacgaccg ggggcggtgc 660 gaaacctcgg cttcggagct ggagcgcatg aatcctggcc caggcgggaa gctgggacac 720 gccctgcggg tggcctgtgg ggactcagtg ctggcgcgga tgctgcggga gctgggggac 780 agcctgcggc ggccgcagct gcgcctgtgg tccctctggt gggtcttcaa ctcggccggc 840 tactacctgg tggtctacta cgtgcacatc ctgtggaacg aggtggaccc caccaccaac 900 agtgcgcggg tctacaacgg cgcggcagat gctgcctcca cgctgctggg cgccatcacg 960 tccttcgccg cgggcttcgt gaagatccgc tgggcgcgct ggtccaagct gctcatcgcg 1020 ggcgtcacgg ccacgcaggc ggggctggtc ttccttctgg cgcacacgcg ccacccgagc 1080 agcatctggc tgtgctatgc ggccttcgtg ctgttccgcg gctcctacca gttcctcgtg 1140 cccatcgcca cctttcagat tgcatcttct ctgtctaaag agctctgtgc cctggtcttc 1200 ggggtcaaca cgttctttgc caccatcgtc aagaccatca tcactttcat tgtctcggac 1260 gtgcggggcc tgggcctccc ggtccgcaag cagttccagt tatactccgt gtacttcctg 1320 atcctgtcca tcatctactt cttgggggcc atgctggatg gcctgcgcga ctgccagcgg 1380 ggccaccacc cgcggcagcc cccggcccag ggcctgagga gtgccgcgga ggagaaggca 1440 gcacagcgac tgagcgtgca ggacaagggc ctcggaggcc tgcagccagc ccagagcccg 1500 ccgctttccc cagaagacag cctgggggct gtggggccag cctccctgga gcagagacag 1560 agcgacccat acctggccca ggccccggcc ccgcaggcag ctgaattcct gagcccagtg 1620 acaacccctt ccccctgcac tctgtcgtcc gcccaagcct caggccctga ggctgcagat 1680 gagacttgtc cccagctggc tgtccatcct cctggtgtca gcaagctggg tttgcagtgt 1740 cttccaagcg acggtgttca gaatgtgaac cagtga 1776 14 2500 DNA Homo sapiens 14 tgaatcgccc ggggtcgccg tctccgcctc gccgcagtcg gggcagccgc tgccctcttt 60 tccatgtatc gtccaggatc ccatgacaga ttctgttgtc acgtctcctt acagagtttg 120 agcggtgctg aactgtcagc acatctgtcc ggtccagcat gccttctgag accccccagg 180 cagaagtggg gcccacaggc tgcccccacc gctcagggcc acactcggcg aaggggagcc 240 tggagaaggg gtccccagag gataaggaag ccaaggagcc cctgtggatc cggcccgatg 300 ctccgagcag gtgcacctgg cagctgggcc ggcctgcctc cgagtcccca catcaccaca 360 ctgccccggc aaaatctcca aaaatcttgc cagatattct gaagaaaatc ggggacaccc 420 ctatggtcag aatcaacaag attgggaaga agttcggcct gaagtgtgag ctcttggcca 480 agtgtgagtt cttcaacgcg ggcgggagcg tgaaggaccg catcagcctg cggatgattg 540 aggatgctga gcgcgacggg acgctgaagc ccggggacac gattatcgag ccgacatccg 600 ggaacaccgg gatcgggctg gccctggctg cggcagtgag gggctatcgc tgcatcatcg 660 tgatgccaga gaagatgagc tccgagaagg tggacgtgct gcgggcactg ggggctgaga 720 ttgtgaggac gcccaccaat gccaggttcg actccccgga gtcacacgtg ggggtggcct 780 ggcggctgaa gaacgaaatc cccaattctc acatcctaga ccagtaccgc aacgccagca 840 accccctggc tcactacgac accaccgctg atgagatcct gcagcagtgt gatgggaagc 900 tggacatgct ggtggcttca gtgggcacgg gcggcaccat cacgggcatt gccaggaagc 960 tgaaggagaa gtgtcctgga tgcaggatca ttggggtgga tcccgaaggg tccatcctcg 1020 cagagccgga ggagctgaac cagacggagc agacaaccta cgaggtggaa gggatcggct 1080 acgacttcat ccccacggtg ctggacagga cggtggtgga caagtggttc aagagcaacg 1140 atgaggaggc gttcaccttt gcccgcatgc tgatcgcgca agaggggctg ctgtgcggtg 1200 gcagtgctgg cagcacggtg gcggtggccg tgaaggctgc gcaggagctg caggagggcc 1260 agcgctgcgt ggtcattctg cccgactcag tgcggaacta catgaccaag ttcctgagcg 1320 acaggtggat gctgcagaag ggctttctga aggaggagga cctcacggag aagaagccct 1380 ggtggtggca cctccgtgtt caggagctgg gcctgtcagc cccgctgacc gtgctcccga 1440 ccatcacctg tgggcacacc atcgagatcc tccgggagaa gggcttcgac caggcgcccg 1500 tggtggatga ggcgggggta atcctgggaa tggtgacgct tgggaacatg ctctcgtccc 1560 tgcttgccgg gaaggtgcag ccgtcagacc aagttggcaa agtcatctac aagcagttca 1620 aacagatccg cctcacggac acgctgggca ggctctcgca catcctggag atggaccact 1680 tcgccctggt ggtgcacgag cagatccagt accacagcac cgggaagtcc agtcagcggc 1740 agatggtgtt cggggtggtc accgccattg acttgctgaa cttcgtggcc gcccaggagc 1800 gggaccagaa gtgaagtccg gagcgctggg cggtgcggag cgggcccgcc acccttgccc 1860 acttctcctt cgctttcctg agccctaaac acacgcgtga ttggtaactg cctggcctgg 1920 caccgttatc cctgcagacg gcacagagca tccgtctccc ctcgttaaca catggcttcc 1980 taaatggccc tgtttacggc ctatgagatg aaatatgtga ttttctctaa tgtaacttcc 2040 tcttaggatg tttcaccaag gaaatattga gagagaagtc ggccaggtag gatgaacaca 2100 ggcaatgact gcgcagagtg gattaaaggc aaaagagaga agagtccagg aaggggcggg 2160 gagaagcctg ggtggctcag catcctccac gggctgcgcg tctgctcggg gctgagctgg 2220 cgggagcagt ttgcgtgttt gggtttttta attgagatga aattcaaata acctaaaaat 2280 caatcacttg aaagtgaaca atcagcggca tttagtacat ccagaaagtt gtgtaggcac 2340 cacctctgtc acgttctgga acattctgtc atcaccccgt gaagcaatca tttcccctcc 2400 cgtcttcctc ctcccctggc aactgctgat cgactttgtg tctctgttgt ctaaaatagg 2460 ttttccctgt tctggacatt tcatataaat ggaatcacac 2500 15 2068 DNA Homo sapiens 15 cggcagccct cctacctgcg cacgtggtgc cgctgctgct gcctcccgct cgccctgaac 60 ccagtgcctg cagccatggc tcccggccag ctcgccttat ttagtgtctc tgacaaaacc 120 ggccttgtgg aatttgcaag aaacctgacc gctcttggtt tgaatctggt cgcttccgga 180 gggactgcaa aagctctcag ggatgctggt ctggcagtca gagatgtctc tgagttgacg 240 ggatttcctg aaatgttggg gggacgtgtg aaaactttgc atcctgcagt ccatgctgga 300 atcctagctc gtaatattcc agaagataat gctgacatgg ccagacttga tttcaatctt 360 ataagagttg ttgcctgcaa tctctatccc tttgtaaaga cagtggcttc tccaggtgta 420 actgttgagg aggctgtgga gcaaattgac attggtggag taaccttact gagagctgca 480 gccaaaaacc acgctcgagt gacagtggtg tgtgaaccag aggactatgt ggtggtgtcc 540 acggagatgc agagctccga gagtaaggac acctccttgg agactagacg ccagttagcc 600 ttgaaggcat tcactcatac ggcacaatat gatgaagcaa tttcagatta tttcaggaaa 660 cagtacagca aaggcgtatc tcagatgccc ttgagatatg gaatgaaccc acatcagacc 720 cctgcccagc tgtacacact gcagcccaag cttcccatca cagttctaaa tggagcccct 780 ggatttataa acttgtgcga tgctttgaac gcctggcagc tggtgaagga actcaaggag 840 gctttaggta ttccagccgc tgcctctttc aaacatgtca gcccagcagg tgctgctgtt 900 ggaattccac tcagtgaaga tgaggccaaa gtctgcatgg tttatgatct ctataaaacc 960 ctcacaccca tctcagcggc atatgcaaga gcaagagggg ctgataggat gtcttcattt 1020 ggtgattttg ttgcattgtc cgatgtttgt gatgtaccaa ctgcaaaaat tatttccaga 1080 gaagtatctg atggtataat tgccccagga tatgaagaag aagccttgac aatactttcc 1140 aaaaagaaaa atggaaacta ttgtgtcctt cagatggacc aatcttacaa accagatgaa 1200 aatgaagttc gaactctctt tggtcttcat ttaagccaga agagaaataa tggtgtcgtc 1260 gacaagtcat tatttagcaa tgttgttacc aaaaataaag atttgccaga gtctgccctc 1320 cgagacctca tcgtagccac cattgctgtc aagtacactc agtctaactc tgtgtgctac 1380 gccaagaacg ggcaggttat cggcattgga gcaggacagc agtctcgtat acactgcact 1440 cgccttgcag gagataaggc aaactattgg tggcttagac accatccaca agtgctttcg 1500 atgaagttta aaacaggagt gaagagagca gaaatctcca atgccatcga tcaatatgtg 1560 actggaacca ttggcgagga tgaagatttg ataaagtgga aggcactgtt tgaggaagtc 1620 cctgagttac tcactgaggc agagaagaag gaatgggttg agaaactgac tgaagtttct 1680 atcagctctg atgccttctt ccctttccga gataacgtag acagagctaa aaggagtggt 1740 gtggcgtaca ttgcggctcc ctccggttct gctgctgaca aagttgtgat tgaggcctgc 1800 gacgaactgg gaatcatcct cgctcatacg aaccttcggc tcttccacca ctgattttac 1860 cacacactgt tttttggctt gcttatgtgt aggtgaacag tcacgcctga aactttgagg 1920 ataacttttt aaaaaaataa aacagtatct cttaaaacaa tgttttgatc tacataaaca 1980 ttgtaaaaat tttcaatcac gctttttaac tttcttacca caaaaaaatg ataagtgggt 2040 gaagtgatgg ttatgttaat tagcgtgc 2068 16 857 DNA Homo sapiens 16 gcgtgggcgt gagatggcgg cggcagcggt gagcagcgcc aagcggagcc tgcggggaga 60 gctgaagcag cgtctgcggg cgatgagtgc cgaggagcgg ctacgccagt cccgcgtact 120 gagccagaag gtgattgccc acagtgagta tcaaaagtcc aaaagaattt ccatctttct 180 gagcatgcaa gatgaaattg agacagaaga gatcatcaag gacattttcc aacgaggcaa 240 aatctgcttc atccctcggt accggttcca gagcaatcac atggatatgg tgagaataga 300 atcaccagag gaaatttctt tacttcccaa aacatcctgg aatatccctc agcctggtga 360 gggtgatgtt cgggaggagg ccttgtccac agggggactt gatctcatct tcatgccagg 420 ccttgggttt gacaaacatg gcaaccgact ggggaggggc aagggctact atgatgccta 480 tctgaagcgc tgtttgcagc atcaggaagt gaagccctac accctggcgt tggctttcaa 540 agaacagatt tgcctccagg tcccagtgaa tgaaaacgac atgaaggtag atgaagtcct 600 ttacgaagac tcgtcaacag cttaaatctg gattactaca gccaaataat cagtgtttta 660 tatgagagta aagcaaagta tgtgtatttt tcccttgtca aaaattagtt gaaattgttc 720 attaatgtga atacagactg cattttaaaa ttgtaattat gaaatacctt atataaaacc 780 atctttaaaa accaatagaa gtgtgaatag tagaatatta attaaaatgg aggctatcag 840 cctgtgattt tcagctt 857 17 3762 DNA Homo sapiens 17 cccgcgagcg tccatccatc tgtccggccg actgtccagc gaaaggggct ccaggccggg 60 cgcacgtcga cccgggggac cgaggccagg agaggggcca agagcgcggc tgacccttgc 120 gggccggggc aggggacggt ggccgcggcc atgcagtcct gtgccagggc gtgggggctg 180 cgcctgggcc gcggggtcgg gggcggccgc cgcctggctg ggggatcggg gccgtgctgg 240 gcgccgcgga gccgggacag cagcagtggc ggcggggaca gcgccgcggc tggggcctcg 300 cgcctcctgg agcgccttct gcccagacac gacgacttcg ctcggaggca catcggccct 360 ggggacaaag accagagaga gatgctgcag accttggggc tggcgagcat tgatgaattg 420 atcgagaaga cggtccctgc caacatccgt ttgaaaagac ccttgaaaat ggaagaccct 480 gtttgtgaaa atgaaatcct tgcaactctg catgccattt caagcaaaaa ccagatctgg 540 agatcgtata ttggcatggg ctattataac tgctcagtgc cacagacgat tttgcggaac 600 ttactggaga actcaggatg gatcacccag tatactccat accagcctga ggtgtctcag 660 gggaggctgg agagtttact caactaccag accatggtgt gtgacatcac aggcctggac 720 atggccaatg catccctgct ggatgagggg actgcagccg cagaggcact gcagctgtgc 780 tacagacaca acaagaggag gaaatttctc gttgatcccc gttgccaccc acagacaata 840 gctgttgtcc agactcgagc caaatatact ggagtcctca ctgagctgaa gttaccctgt 900 gaaatggact tcagtggaaa agatgtcagt ggagtgttgt tccagtaccc agacacggag 960 gggaaggtgg aagactttac ggaactcgtg gagagagctc atcagagtgg gagcctggcc 1020 tgctgtgcta ctgacctttt agctttgtgc atcttgaggc cacctggaga atttggggta 1080 gacatcgccc tgggcagctc ccagagattt ggagtgccac tgggctatgg gggaccccat 1140 gcagcatttt ttgctgtccg agaaagcttg gtgagaatga tgcctggaag aatggtgggg 1200 gtaacaagag atgccactgg gaaagaagtg tatcgtcttg ctcttcaaac cagggagcaa 1260 cacattcgga gagacaaggc taccagcaac atctgtacag ctcaggccct cttggcgaat 1320 atggctgcca tgtttcgaat ctaccatggt tcccatgggc tggagcatat tgctaggagg 1380 gtacataatg ccactttgat tttgtcagaa ggtctcaagc gagcagggca tcaactccag 1440 catgacctgt tctttgatac cttgaagatt cattgtggct gctcagtgaa ggaggtcttg 1500 ggcagggcgg ctcagcggca gatcaatttt cggctttttg aggatggcac acttggtatt 1560 tctcttgatg aaacagtcaa tgaaaaagat ctggacgatt tgttgtggat ctttggttgt 1620 gagtcatctg cagaactggt tgctgaaagc atgggagagg agtgcagagg tattccaggg 1680 tctgtgttca agaggaccag cccgttcctc acccatcaag tgttcaacag ctaccactct 1740 gaaacaaaca ttgtccggta catgaagaaa ctggaaaata aagacatttc ccttgttcac 1800 agcatgattc cactgggatc ctgcaccatg aaactgaaca gttcgtctga actcgcacct 1860 atcacatgga aagaatttgc aaacatccac ccctttgtgc ctctggatca agctcaagga 1920 tatcagcagc ttttccgaga gcttgagaag gatttgtgtg aactcacagg ttatgaccag 1980 gtctgtttcc agccaaacag cggagcccag ggagaatatg ctggactggc cactatccga 2040 gcctacttaa accagaaagg agaggggcac agaacggttt gcctcattcc gaaatcagca 2100 catgggacca acccagcaag tgcccacatg gcaggcatga agattcagcc tgtggaggtg 2160 gataaatatg ggaatatcga tgcagttcac ctcaaggcca tggtggataa gcacaaggag 2220 aacctagcag ctatcatgat tacataccca tccaccaatg gggtgtttga agagaacatc 2280 agtgacgtgt gtgacctcat ccatcaacat ggaggacagg tctacctaga cggggcaaat 2340 atgaatgctc aggtgggaat ctgtcgccct ggagacttcg ggtctgatgt ctcgcaccta 2400 aatcttcaca agaccttctg cattccccac ggaggaggtg gtcctggcat ggggcccatc 2460 ggagtgaaga aacatctcgc cccgtttttg cccaatcatc ccgtcatttc actaaagcgg 2520 aatgaggatg cctgtcctgt gggaaccgtc agtgcggccc catggggctc cagttccatc 2580 ttgcccattt cctgggctta tatcaagatg atgggaggca agggtcttaa acaagccacg 2640 gaaactgcga tattaaatgc caactacatg gccaagcgat tagaaacaca ctacagaatt 2700 cttttcaggg gtgcaagagg ttatgtgggt catgaattta ttttggacac gagacccttc 2760 aaaaagtctg caaatattga ggctgtggat gtggccaaga gactccagga ttatggattt 2820 cacgccccta ccatgtcctg gcctgtggca gggaccctca tggtggagcc cactgagtcg 2880 gaggacaagg cagagctgga cagattctgt gatgccatga tcagcattcg gcaggaaatt 2940 gctgacattg aggagggccg catcgacccc agggtcaatc cgctgaagat gtctccacac 3000 tccctgacct gcgttacatc ttcccactgg gaccggcctt attccagaga ggtggcagca 3060 ttcccactcc ccttcatgaa accagagaac aaattctggc caacgattgc ccggattgat 3120 gacatatatg gagatcagca cctggtttgt acctgcccac ccatggaagt ttatgagtct 3180 ccattttctg aacaaaagag ggcgtcttct tagtcctctc tccctaagtt taaaggactg 3240 atttgatgcc tctccccaga gcatttgata agcaagaaag atttcatctc ccaccccagc 3300 ctcaagtagg agttttatat actgtgtata tctctgtaat ctctgtcaag gtaaatgtaa 3360 atacagtagc tggagggagt cgaagctgat ggttggaaga cggatttgct ttggtattct 3420 gcttccacat gtgccagttg cctggattgg gagccatttt gtgttttgcg tagaaagttt 3480 taggaacttt aacttttaat gtggcaagtt tgcagatgtc atagaggcta tcctggagac 3540 ttaatagaca tttttttgtt ccaaaagagt ccatgtggac tgtgccatct gtgggaaatc 3600 ccagggcaaa tgtttacatt ttgtataccc tgaagaactc tttttcctct aatatgccta 3660 atctgtaatc acatttctga gtgttttcct ctttttctgt gtgaggtttt tttttttttt 3720 aatctgcatt tattagtatt ctaataaaag cattttgatc gg 3762 18 1192 DNA Homo sapiens 18 ggctccctcc ggccgcgaac tgcccctccc cgccccgcct cccggcgcgg gtggccgagg 60 cgtagcgccg cgacccccgc acccctgcga acatggcgct gcgagtggtg cggagcgtgc 120 gggccctgct ctgcaccctg cgcgcggtcc cgttacccgc cgcgccctgc ccgccgaggc 180 cctggcagct gggggtgggc gccgtccgta cgctgcgcac tggacccgct ctgctctcgg 240 tgcgtaaatt cacagagaaa cacgaatggg taacaacaga aaatggcatt ggaacagtgg 300 gaatcagcaa ttttgcacag gaagcgttgg gagatgttgt ttattgtagt ctccctgaag 360 ttgggacaaa attgaacaaa caagatgagt ttggtgcttt ggaaagtgtg aaagctgcta 420 gtgaactata ttctccttta tcaggagaag taactgaaat taatgaagct cttgcagaaa 480 atccaggact tgtaaacaaa tcttgttatg aagatggttg gctgatcaag atgacactga 540 gtaacccttc agaactagat gaacttatga gtgaagaagc atatgagaaa tacataaaat 600 ctattgagga gtgaaaatgg aactcctaaa taaactagta tgaaataacg aagccagcag 660 agttgtctta aattagtggt ggatagagac ttagaataga aacttttagt attaccgatg 720 gggcaaaaaa aaactactgt taacactgct aatgaaagaa aatgcccttt aactttgtaa 780 tgattataga taaatataat atgcgtcttt ttcacaatat cctatgattt ttagactagg 840 ctctagtgtt cagaattcat gaaattatcc atggtaaaaa ctagttataa aaattacata 900 attcaaagat aacattgtta ttcttaagcc ttatataata ttgtaacttg catgtatcca 960 tacctggatt tgggatgaaa tacttaatga tctttccatt ggaaataact ggaagtgaag 1020 aggttttgtt gcttgtacag tgtcagatga ggaacaccac tatcttaatt ttgcgataca 1080 ctgcatttgc tggtgctatt tttatacagt gaagcaacag ctttgcagca aaataataaa 1140 atacttcttc gttaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa 1192 19 2102 DNA Homo sapiens 19 tgcccacgcc cccttcagat cctttgctcc ggagagagac ctgtccgagc agaggcctgg 60 actacatctc ccggcgtgcc tggcagtgtg gtggcctctg tgcgccgtct gcactcgttg 120 caggcgacga tgcagagggc tgtaagtgtg gtggcccgtc tgggctttcg cctgcaggca 180 ttccccccgg ccttgtgtcg tccacttagt tgcgcacagg aggtgctccg caggacaccg 240 ctctatgact tccacctggc ccacggcggg aaaatggtgg cgtttgcggg ttggagtctg 300 ccagtgcagt accgggacag tcacactgac tcgcacctgc acacacgcca gcactgctcg 360 ctctttgacg tgtctcatat gctgcagacc aagatacttg gtagtgaccg ggtgaagctg 420 atggagagtc tagtggttgg agacattgca gagctaagac caaaccaggg gacactgtcg 480 ctgtttacca acgaggctgg aggcatctta gatgacttga ttgtaaccaa tacttctgag 540 ggccacctgt atgtggtgtc caacgctggc tgctgggaga aagatttggc cctcatgcag 600 gacaaggtca gggagcttca gaaccagggc agagatgtgg gcctggaggt gttggataat 660 gccctgctag ctctgcaagg ccccactgca gcccaggtac tacaggccgg cgtggcagat 720 gacctgagga aactgccctt catgaccagt gctgtgatgg aggtgtttgg cgtgtctggc 780 tgccgcgtga cccgctgtgg ctacacagga gaggatggtg tggagatctc ggtgccggta 840 gcgggggcag ttcacctggc aacagctatt ctgaaaaacc cagaggtgaa gctggcaggg 900 ctggcagcca gggacagcct gcgcctggag gcaggcctct gcctgtatgg gaatgacatt 960 gatgaacaca ctacacctgt ggagggcagc ctcagttgga cactggggaa gcgccgccga 1020 gctgctatgg acttccctgg agccaaggtc attgttcccc agctgaaggg cagggtgcag 1080 cggaggcgtg tggggttgat gtgtgagggg gcccccatgc gggcacacag tcccatcctg 1140 aacatggagg gtaccaagat tggtactgtg actagtggct gcccctcccc ctctctgaag 1200 aagaatgtgg cgatgggtta tgtgccctgc gagtacagtc gtccagggac aatgctgctg 1260 gtagaggtgc ggcggaagca gcagatggct gtagtcagca agatgccctt tgtgcccaca 1320 aactactata ccctcaagtg aagctggctc agggtggggc tgtcccttcc aggagttttg 1380 cccctacaag gggttagtca agaagctgag gcagaactca ctgggggtgg gcagttaagg 1440 tggaggctga ttctaattgt ctggttgagg ggccacacca cctattcccc ccacctaact 1500 catgccattc cagcttcctt caggaccctg cttctgagtg acggaccagc tcacacaatg 1560 tcttgtttca gtccatgatc ccactgacct actcttgcct gctggagggt aatgagaagc 1620 tttggttctg ccatctctcc cactctgcca ggtgctggct gtggagcaaa ggctcacctt 1680 tgtggagagg ataaaacctg cccaacctac ctcaccatgg tttttcacat tgcaaagggt 1740 aataacatgg gcagtgcgga cttaggctac cccctccagt ttgctttccg taaatgcaaa 1800 ttgtccttac tgcaagtcag gaatgattgc tgactcacag tagggctgct atgcctgtgt 1860 gtaaacttgg ggatggctga gggaacatag actcactctt ccacattccc aagttggtct 1920 agtgtgctgc ccagtagcaa accatggcag actcaccacc tattctgagt tccagggctg 1980 ctgtagggca gggtgggctt cctcccagac ttgccttacc ctgggctgat ctttgcccct 2040 ggtatgcatt aatggactcc actgaatcct gaaaaaaaaa ttaaacttcc ttcttacttg 2100 cc 2102 20 3228 DNA Homo sapiens 20 aaaaaactca ggcaaagtca cagcctcaaa attgttcact gaaagaacgc tgagtggaga 60 agtgtgagaa gatgaatgga ccggtggatg gcttgtgtga ccactctcta agtgaaggag 120 tcttcatgtt cacatcggag tctgtgggag agggacaccc ggataagatc tgtgaccaga 180 tcagtgatgc agtgctggat gcccatctca agcaagaccc caatgccaag gtggcctgtg 240 agacagtgtg caagaccggc atggtgctgc tgtgtggtga gatcacctca atggccatgg 300 tggactacca gcgggtggtg agggacacca tcaagcacat cggctacgat gactcagcca 360 agggctttga cttcaagact tgcaacgtgc tggtggcttt ggagcagcaa tccccagata 420 ttgcccagtg cgtccatctg gacagaaatg aggaggatgt gggggcagga gatcagggtt 480 tgatgttcgg ctatgctacc gacgagacag aggagtgcat gcccctcacc atcatccttg 540 ctcacaagct caacgcccgg atggcagacc tcaggcgctc cggcctcctc ccctggctgc 600 ggcctgactc taagactcag gtgacagttc agtacatgca ggacaatggc gcagtcatcc 660 ctgtgcgcat ccacaccatc gtcatctctg tgcagcacaa cgaagacatc acgctggagg 720 agatgcgcag ggccctgaag gagcaagtca tcagggccgt ggtgccggcc aagtacctgg 780 acgaagacac cgtctaccac ctgcagccca gtgggcggtt tgtcatcgga ggtccccagg 840 gggatgcggg tgtcactggc cgtaagatta ttgtggacac ctatggcggc tggggggctc 900 atggtggtgg ggccttctct gggaaggact acaccaaggt agaccgctca gctgcatatg 960 ctgcccgctg ggtggccaag tctctggtga aagcagggct ctgccggaga gtgcttgtcc 1020 aggtttccta tgccattggt gtggccgagc cgctgtccat ttccatcttc acctacggaa 1080 cctctcagaa gacagagcga gagctgctgg atgtggtgca taagaacttc gacctccggc 1140 cgggcgtcat tgtcagggat ttggacttga agaagcccat ctaccagaag acagcatgct 1200 acggccattt cggaagaagc gagttcccat gggaggttcc caggaagctt gtattttaga 1260 gccaggggga gctgggcctg gtctcaccct ggaggcacct ggtggccatg ctcctcttcc 1320 ccagacgcct ggctgctgat cgccttcccc acccaccaac cctcagggca aagccaggtc 1380 cctctcattt agcctgtcct gtcatcatca tggccagctg gaggcagggg cttcctggtg 1440 ctggaggttg gatcttgatg taaggatggg catggtgttc tcctgctgct ccctcagact 1500 ggggcaatgt taatttagtg gaaaaggcac ccccgtcaag agtgaattcc ctcactcgtc 1560 tcccccaaca gctggaccct gaccagctcc ccctccctcc ccttgcctgt gccaggtgag 1620 gtcagcacat ctcaacaggc ctcagggctc cttgtgggcc tgggctcctg gacccccctt 1680 tcacaggcag ccagtgccct gagccagggt ctccagaaag ccccacccag gccaggcatg 1740 tggcaggggt tagagcagga ctgatgtctc ctaagcacct gtaatgtgcg agggacccag 1800 ctaataactg atctcgtttt ttcttcactg caacatgatg aggtagtacc ttttatatcc 1860 catttataga tgggggaaag caaagcacag agagtctgga taacttccac agggtcccac 1920 agccacgtgt ttagacctag atgtataact aggagctttg actcaggagc ctgtgacata 1980 cccccttccc caccgttgtc tcatgccagt aacaggctca aacaatgaca aagcagattc 2040 agaaatgagg ccatggactc tgtcctgaag gcctgaggtt actggaaatt aggggattaa 2100 cccactagct cttgttgagc cgtgggcaat tgtctgaaaa gtgaagacag aaccacaggg 2160 ctattttgtt tgcttcatgt gtcccagaag atgactgagg gtgagttggc ttacctggcc 2220 catcagggta ggctggagtt agggactgac cagcagcttt agaatcccag ccccctgacc 2280 actcagagac atgcagagat tgggtttttg gacttctggg gtaagtggtc taagtccagt 2340 ccagtcctat gtgggcttcc tggagcagaa gcagcaactt gtcctagcac agatggccag 2400 ccccttagac agaggccctc aagtctttct ctttccctgg tcccttgtat cccctgcagg 2460 ctgagtgcat ttggagggag tgagtggccc tttcggatcc agggaggctg gtcctatggc 2520 ctcatgttaa ataggcgggg cttgccttct ggtgttggac aagcttctga gacgtcatga 2580 ggagattctg cctttgccag gtgactgtct ggggagcggg tctgctccca aggggcctga 2640 gcagtccttg gcctgctaag gtcttggaac ttgcctgcct ttccatccat ggccagcagc 2700 acctgcccta cctgccccac ttgtccttag cctggacctc tgacagcagc atctctacct 2760 tctccccagc tcccaggacc acaggctcag gcagggcctc catgggcccc aggggaacac 2820 tggggacttg gcctctctct agggtacatg gtgctgggag aggcagccca ggaagtctca 2880 tctggggagc aggcagccag catctgggcc ttggcctgga gcacaaagac cctggctttc 2940 attttctctc aggtgaaagg aaattaaggc aacaaaagaa gcccggctcc tggtcaccta 3000 ggaagcctca gattccttcc catggaggga gggagtggtt tgcaggtggc caagttcctc 3060 taacttggct cacactcgac atgaaaattc agaattttat actttcccta ccctctagag 3120 aaataagatc ttttttgtca gtttgtttgt atgaaactaa agctttattt gttaatagtt 3180 cctgctaaaa caatgaataa aaactcaagg agcaactaaa aaaaaaaa 3228 21 344 PRT Homo sapiens 21 Met Ser Ala Leu Ala Ala Arg Leu Leu Gln Pro Ala His Ser Cys Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Arg Leu Arg Pro Phe His Leu Ala Ala Val Arg Asn Glu Ala Val 20 25 30 Val Ile Ser Gly Arg Lys Leu Ala Gln Gln Ile Lys Gln Glu Val Arg 35 40 45 Gln Glu Val Glu Glu Trp Val Ala Ser Gly Asn Lys Arg Pro His Leu 50 55 60 Ser Val Ile Leu Val Gly Glu Asn Pro Ala Ser His Ser Tyr Val Leu 65 70 75 80 Asn Lys Thr Arg Ala Ala Ala Val Val Gly Ile Asn Ser Glu Thr Ile 85 90 95 Met Lys Pro Ala Ser Ile Ser Glu Glu Glu Leu Leu Asn Leu Ile Asn 100 105 110 Lys Leu Asn Asn Asp Asp Asn Val Asp Gly Leu Leu Val Gln Leu Pro 115 120 125 Leu Pro Glu His Ile Asp Glu Arg Arg Ile Cys Asn Ala Val Ser Pro 130 135 140 Asp Lys Asp Val Asp Gly Phe His Val Ile Asn Val Gly Arg Met Cys 145 150 155 160 Leu Asp Gln Tyr Ser Met Leu Pro Ala Thr Pro Trp Gly Val Trp Glu 165 170 175 Ile Ile Lys Arg Thr Gly Ile Pro Thr Leu Gly Lys Asn Val Val Val 180 185 190 Ala Gly Arg Ser Lys Asn Val Gly Met Pro Ile Ala Met Leu Leu His 195 200 205 Thr Asp Gly Ala His Glu Arg Pro Gly Gly Asp Ala Thr Val Thr Ile 210 215 220 Ser His Arg Tyr Thr Pro Lys Glu Gln Leu Lys Lys His Thr Ile Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Asp Ile Val Ile Ser Ala Ala Gly Ile Pro Asn Leu Ile Thr Ala 245 250 255 Asp Met Ile Lys Glu Gly Ala Ala Val Ile Asp Val Gly Ile Asn Arg 260 265 270 Val His Asp Pro Val Thr Ala Lys Pro Lys Leu Val Gly Asp Val Asp 275 280 285 Phe Glu Gly Val Arg Gln Lys Ala Gly Tyr Ile Thr Pro Val Pro Gly 290 295 300 Gly Val Gly Pro Met Thr Val Ala Met Leu Met Lys Asn Thr Ile Ile 305 310 315 320 Ala Ala Lys Lys Val Leu Arg Leu Glu Glu Arg Glu Val Leu Lys Ser 325 330 335 Lys Glu Leu Gly Val Ala Thr Asn 340 22 1283 DNA Homo sapiens 22 tttcgcagcc gctgccgcct cgccgctgct ccttcgtaag gccacttccg cacaccgaca 60 ccaacatgaa cggacagctc aacggcttcc acgaggcgtt catcgaggag ggcacattcc 120 ttttcacctc agagtcggtc ggggaaggcc acccagataa gatttgtgac caaatcagtg 180 atgctgtcct tgatgcccac cttcagcagg atcctgatgc caaagtagct tgtgaaactg 240 ttgctaaaac tggaatgatc cttcttgctg gggaaattac atccagagct gctgttgact 300 accagaaagt ggttcgtgaa gctgttaaac acattggata tgatgattct tccaaaggtt 360 ttgactacaa gacttgtaac gtgctggtag ccttggagca acagtcacca gatattgctc 420 aaggtgttca tcttgacaga aatgaagaag acattggtgc tggagaccag ggcttaatgt 480 ttggctatgc cactgatgaa actgaggagt gtatgccttt aaccattgtc ttggcacaca 540 agctaaatgc caaactggca gaactacgcc gtaatggcac tttgccttgg ttacgccctg 600 attctaaaac tcaagttact gtgcagtata tgcaggatcg aggtgctgtg cttcccatca 660 gagtccacac aattgttata tctgttcagc atgatgaaga ggtttgtctt gatgaaatga 720 gggatgccct aaaggagaaa gtcatcaaag cagttgtgcc tgcgaaatac cttgatgagg 780 atacaatcta ccacctacag ccaagtggca gatttgttat tggtgggcct cagggtgatg 840 ctggtttgac tggacggaaa atcattgtgg acacttatgg cggttggggt gctcatggag 900 gaggtgcctt ttcaggaaag gattatacca aggtcgaccg ttcagctgct tatgctgctc 960 gttgggtggc aaaatccctt gttaaaggag gtctgtgccg gagggttctt gttcaggtct 1020 cttatgctat tggagtttct catccattat ctatctccat tttccattat ggtacctctc 1080 agaagagtga gagagagcta ttagagattg tgaagaagaa tttcgatctc cgccctgggg 1140 tcattgtcag ggatctggat ctgaagaagc caatttatca gaggactgca gcctatggcc 1200 actttggtag ggacagcttc ccatgggaag tgcccaaaaa gcttaaatat tgaaagtgtt 1260 agcctttttt ccccagactt gtt 1283 23 3259 DNA Homo sapiens 23 caaggttggt ggaagtcgcg ttgtgcaggt tcgtgcccgg ctggcgcggc gtggtttcac 60 tgttacatgc cttgaagtga tgaggaggtt tctgttacta tatgctacac agcagggaca 120 ggcaaaggcc atcgcagaag aaatgtgtga gcaagctgtg gtacatggat tttctgcaga 180 tcttcactgt attagtgaat ccgataagta tgacctaaaa accgaaacag ctcctcttgt 240 tgttgtggtt tctaccacgg gcaccggaga cccacccgac acagcccgca agtttgttaa 300 ggaaatacag aaccaaacac tgccggttga tttctttgct cacctgcggt atgggttact 360 gggtctcggt gattcagaat acacctactt ttgcaatggg gggaagataa ttgataaacg 420 acttcaagag cttggagccc ggcatttcta tgacactgga catgcagatg actgtgtagg 480 tttagaactt gtggttgagc cgtggattgc tggactctgg ccagccctca gaaagcattt 540 taggtcaagc agaggacaag aggagataag tggcgcactc ccggtggcat cacctgcatc 600 cttgaggaca gaccttgtga agtcagagct gctacacatt gaatctcaag tcgagcttct 660 gagattcgat gattcaggaa gaaaggattc tgaggttttg aagcaaaatg cagtgaacag 720 caaccaatcc aatgttgtaa ttgaagactt tgagtcctca cttacccgtt cggtaccccc 780 actctcacaa gcctctctga atattcctgg tttaccccca gaatatttac aggtacatct 840 gcaggagtct cttggccagg aggaaagcca agtatctgtg acttcagcag atccagtttt 900 tcaagtgcca atttcaaagg cagttcaact tactacgaat gatgccataa aaaccactct 960 gctggtagaa ttggacattt caaatacaga cttttcctat cagcctggag atgccttcag 1020 cgtgatctgc cctaacagtg attctgaggt acaaagccta ctccaaagac tgcagcttga 1080 agataaaaga gagcactgcg tccttttgaa aataaaggca gacacaaaga agaaaggagc 1140 taccttaccc cagcatatac ctgcgggatg ttctctccag ttcattttta cctggtgtct 1200 tgaaatccga gcaattccta aaaaggcatt tttgcgagcc cttgtggact ataccagtga 1260 cagtgctgaa aagcgcaggc tacaggagct gtgcagtaaa caaggggcag ccgattatag 1320 ccgctttgta cgagatgcct gtgcctgctt gttggatctc ctcctcgctt tcccttcttg 1380 ccagccacca ctcagtctcc tgctcgaaca tcttcctaaa cttcaaccca gaccatattc 1440 gtgtgcaagc tcaagtttat ttcacccagg aaagctccat tttgtcttca acattgtgga 1500 atttctgtct actgccacaa cagaggttct gcggaaggga gtatgtacag gctggctggc 1560 cttgttggtt gcttcagttc ttcagccaaa catacatgca tcccatgaag acagcgggaa 1620 agccctggct cctaagatat ccatctctcc tcgaacaaca aattctttcc acttaccaga 1680 tgacccctca atccccatca taatggtggg tccaggaacc ggcatagccc cgtttattgg 1740 gttcctacaa catagagaga aactccaaga acaacaccca gatggaaatt ttggagcaat 1800 gtggttgttt tttggctgca ggcataagga tagggattat ctattcagaa aagagctcag 1860 acatttcctt aagcatggga tcttaactca tctaaaggtt tccttctcaa gagatgctcc 1920 tgttggggag gaggaagccc cagcaaagta tgtacaagac aacatccagc ttcatggcca 1980 gcaggtggcg agaatcctcc tccaggagaa cggccatatt tatgtgtgtg gagatgcaaa 2040 gaatatggcc aaggatgtac atgatgccct tgtgcaaata ataagcaaag aggttggagt 2100 tgaaaaacta gaagcaatga aaaccctggc cactttaaaa gaagaaaaac gctaccttca 2160 ggatatttgg tcataaaacc agaaattaaa gaaagaggat taagcttttt tgactgaaag 2220 tactaaaagt cagctttact agtgccaaac ctttaaattt tcaaaagaaa attttctttc 2280 aacatttctt gaaggacatg gagtggagat tggatcattt aacaatataa caaaacttcc 2340 tgatttgatt ttacgtatct tctatctacg cccttcctgt gcctgtgact ctccccaaat 2400 tgccctgttg ccttgagctc ttctgagcta aaggcagcct tcagtcccta tcagcgcctc 2460 ctttacttcc cagagaactt cacagagact ctgtccttcc atgcaaaggc ttcctgaaat 2520 aggggagact gactgagtag ctcattcttg tgacttacag tgccaacatt taaaaaagta 2580 tgaaaatgat ttatttttat atgatgtata cccataaaga atgctcatat taatgtactt 2640 aaattacaca tgtagagcat atctgttata tgtttatgta actatcaaat ggttatttgt 2700 tactaaagct atatttctga taaaaaatat tttaggataa ttgcctacag agggatttat 2760 ttttatgatg ctgggaaata tgaaatgtat tttaaaattt cactctgggc atatggattt 2820 atctatcacc attacttttt tttaagtcac aatttcagaa ttttgggaca tttgcattca 2880 atttacaggt accagtacgt acatatttta atagaaagat acaacctttt tattttcact 2940 ccttttattt ctgctgcttg gcacattttt gagttttccc acattatttg tctccatgat 3000 accactcaag cagtgtgctg gacctaaaat actgacttta gttagtatcc ttggattttt 3060 agattcccca gtgtctaatt ccctgttata atttgcacaa acaaaacaaa atgttatgat 3120 aatctttctc cactgttcta atatatattg tatttttatt tgatagcttg ggatttaaaa 3180 catctctgtt gaaggctttt gatccttttg agaaataaag atctgaaaga aatggcataa 3240 tcttaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa 3259 24 1805 DNA Homo sapiens 24 aagagactga actgtatctg cctctatttc caaaagactc acgttcaact ttcgctcaca 60 caaagccggg aaaattttat tagtcctttt tttaaaaaaa gttaatataa aattatagca 120 aaaaaaaaaa ggaacctgaa ctttagtaac acagctggaa caatcgcagc ggcggcggca 180 gcggcgggag aagaggttta atttagttga ttttctgtgg ttgttggttg ttcgctagtc 240 tcacggtgat ggaagctgca cattttttcg aagggaccga gaagctgctg gaggtttggt 300 tctcccggca gcagcccgac gcaaaccaag gatctgggga tcttcgcact atcccaagat 360 ctgagtggga catacttttg aaggatgtgc aatgttcaat cataagtgtg acaaaaactg 420 acaagcagga agcttatgta ctcagtgaga gtagcatgtt tgtctccaag agacgtttca 480 ttttgaagac atgtggtacc accctcttgc tgaaagcact ggttcccctg ttgaagcttg 540 ctagggatta cagtgggttt gactcaattc aaagcttctt ttattctcgt aagaatttca 600 tgaagccttc tcaccaaggg tacccacacc ggaatttcca ggaagaaata gagtttctta 660 atgcaatttt cccaaatgga gcaggatatt gtatgggacg tatgaattct gactgttggt 720 acttatatac tctggatttc ccagagagtc gggtaatcag tcagccagat caaaccttgg 780 aaattctgat gagtgagctt gacccagcag ttatggacca gttctacatg aaagatggtg 840 ttactgcaaa ggatgtcact cgtgagagtg gaattcgtga cctgatacca ggttctgtca 900 ttgatgccac aatgttcaat ccttgtgggt attcgatgaa tggaatgaaa tcggatggaa 960 cttattggac tattcacatc actccagaac cagaattttc ttatgttagc tttgaaacaa 1020 acttaagtca gacctcctat gatgacctga tcaggaaagt tgtagaagtc ttcaagccag 1080 gaaaatttgt gaccaccttg tttgttaatc agagttctaa atgtcgcaca gtgcttgctt 1140 cgccccagaa gattgaaggt tttaagcgtc ttgattgcca gagtgctatg ttcaatgatt 1200 acaattttgt ttttaccagt tttgctaaga agcagcaaca acagcagagt tgattaagaa 1260 aaatgaagaa aaaacgcaaa aagagaacac atgtagaagg tggtggatgc tttctagatg 1320 tcgatgctgg gggcagtgct ttccataacc accactgtgt agttgcagaa agccctagat 1380 gtaatgatag tgtaatcatt ttgaattgta tgcattatta tatcaaggag ttagatatct 1440 tgcatgaatg ctctcttctg tgtttaggta ttctctgcca ctcttgctgt gaaattgaag 1500 tggatgtaga aaaaaccttt tactatatga aactttacaa cacttgtgaa agcaactcaa 1560 tttggtttat gcacagtgta atatttctcc aagtatcatc caaaattccc cacagacaag 1620 gctttcgtcc tcattaggtg ttggcctcag cctaaccctc taggactgtt ctattaaatt 1680 gctgccagaa ttttacatcc agttacctcc actttctaga acatattctt tactaatgtt 1740 attgaaacca atttctactt catactgatg tttttggaaa cagcaattaa agtttttctt 1800 ccatg 1805 25 254 PRT Homo sapiens 25 Gln Asp Ile Leu Val Phe Arg Ser Lys Thr Tyr Gly Asn Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Leu Asp Gly Val Ile Gln Cys Thr Glu Arg Asp Glu Phe Ser Tyr Gln 20 25 30 Glu Met Ile Ala Asn Leu Pro Leu Cys Ser His Pro Asn Pro Arg Lys 35 40 45 Val Leu Ile Ile Gly Gly Gly Asp Gly Gly Val Leu Arg Glu Val Val 50 55 60 Lys His Pro Ser Val Glu Ser Val Val Gln Cys Glu Ile Asp Glu Asp 65 70 75 80 Val Ile Gln Val Ser Lys Lys Phe Leu Pro Gly Met Ala Ile Gly Tyr 85 90 95 Ser Ser Ser Lys Leu Thr Leu His Val Gly Asp Gly Phe Glu Phe Met 100 105 110 Lys Gln Asn Gln Asp Ala Phe Asp Val Ile Ile Thr Asp Ser Ser Asp 115 120 125 Pro Met Gly Pro Ala Glu Ser Leu Phe Lys Glu Ser Tyr Tyr Gln Leu 130 135 140 Met Lys Thr Ala Leu Lys Glu Asp Gly Val Leu Cys Cys Gln Gly Glu 145 150 155 160 Cys Gln Trp Leu His Leu Asp Leu Ile Lys Glu Met Arg Gln Phe Cys 165 170 175 Gln Ser Leu Phe Pro Val Val Ala Tyr Ala Tyr Cys Thr Ile Pro Thr 180 185 190 Tyr Pro Ser Gly Gln Ile Gly Phe Met Leu Cys Ser Lys Asn Pro Ser 195 200 205 Thr Asn Phe Gln Glu Pro Val Gln Pro Leu Thr Gln Gln Gln Val Ala 210 215 220 Gln Met Gln Leu Lys Tyr Tyr Asn Ser Asp Val His Arg Ala Ala Phe 225 230 235 240 Val Leu Pro Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Ala Leu Asn Asp Val Ser 245 250 26 2211 DNA Homo sapiens 26 ctgaggccca gcccccttcg cccgtttcca tcacgagtgc cgccagcatg tctgacaaac 60 tgccctacaa agtcgccgac atcggcctgg ctgcctgggg acgcaaggcc ctggacattg 120 ctgagaacga gatgccgggc ctgatgcgta tgcgggagcg gtactcggcc tccaagccac 180 tgaagggcgc ccgcatcgct ggctgcctgc acatgaccgt ggagacggcc gtcctcattg 240 agaccctcgt caccctgggt gctgaggtgc agtggtccag ctgcaacatc ttctccaccc 300 agaaccatgc ggcggctgcc attgccaagg ctggcattcc ggtgtatgcc tggaagggcg 360 aaacggacga ggagtacctg tggtgcattg agcagaccct gtacttcaag gacgggcccc 420 tcaacatgat tctggacgac gggggcgacc tcaccaacct catccacacc aagtacccgc 480 agcttctgcc aggcatccga ggcatctctg aggagaccac gactggggtc cacaacctct 540 acaagatgat ggccaatggg atcctcaagg tgcctgccat caatgtcaat gactccgtca 600 ccaagagcaa gtttgacaac ctctatggct gccgggagtc cctcatagat ggcatcaagc 660 gggccacaga tgtgatgatt gccggcaagg tagcggtggt agcaggctat ggtgatgtgg 720 gcaagggctg tgcccaggcc ctgcggggtt tcggagcccg cgtcatcatc accgagattg 780 accccatcaa cgcactgcag gctgccatgg agggctatga ggtgaccacc atggatgagg 840 cctgtcagga gggcaacatc tttgtcacca ccacaggctg tattgacatc atccttggcc 900 ggtaggtgcc agatgggggg tcccggggag tgagggagga gggcagagtt gggacagctt 960 tctgtccctg acaatctccc acggtcttgg gctgcctgac aggcactttg agcagatgaa 1020 ggatgatgcc attgtgtgta acattggaca ctttgacgtg gagatcgatg tcaagtggct 1080 caacgagaac gccgtggaga aggtgaacat caagccgcag gtggaccggt atcggttgaa 1140 gaatgggcgc cgcatcatcc tgctggccga gggtcggctg gtcaacctgg gttgtgccat 1200 gggccacccc agcttcgtga tgagtaactc cttcaccaac caggtgatgg cgcagatcga 1260 gctgtggacc catccagaca agtaccccgt tggggttcat ttcctgccca agaagctgga 1320 tgaggcagtg gctgaagccc acctgggcaa gctgaatgtg aagttgacca agctaactga 1380 gaagcaagcc cagtacctgg gcatgtcctg tgatggcccc ttcaagccgg atcactaccg 1440 ctactgagag ccaggtctgc gtttcaccct ccagctgctg tccttgccca ggccccacct 1500 ctcctcccta agagctaatg gcaccaactt tgtgattggt ttgtcagtgt cccccatcga 1560 ctctctgggg ctgatcactt agtttttggc ctctgctgca gccgtcatac tgttccaaat 1620 gtggcagcgg gaacagagta ccctcttcaa gccccggtca tgatggaggt cccagccaca 1680 gggaaccatg agctcagtgg tcttggaaca gctcactaag tcagtccttc cttagcctgg 1740 aagtcagtag tggagtcaca aagcccatgt gttttgccat ctaggccttc acctggtctg 1800 tggacttata cctgtgtgct tggtttacag gtccagtggt tcttcagccc atgacagatg 1860 agaaggggct atattgaagg gcaaagagga actgttgttt gaattttcct gagagcctgg 1920 cttagtgctg ggccttctct taaacctcat tacaatgagg ttagtacttt tagtccctgt 1980 tttacagggg ttagaataga ctgttaaggg gcaactgaga aagaacagag aagtgacagc 2040 taggggttga gaggggccag aaaaacatga atgcaggcag atttcgtgaa atctgccacc 2100 actttataac cagatggttc ctttcacaac cctgggtcaa aaagagaata atttggccta 2160 taatgttaaa agaaagcagg aaggtgggta aataaaaatc ttggtgcctg g 2211 27 2436 DNA Homo sapiens 27 cgaccacctg tctggacacc acaaagatgc cacccgttgg gggcaaaaag gccaagaagg 60 gcatcctaga acgtttaaat gctggagaga ttgtgattgg agatggaggg tttgtctttg 120 cactggagaa gaggggctac gtaaaggcag gaccctggac tcctgaagct gctgtggagc 180 acccagaagc agttcgccag cttcatcgag agttcctcag agctggctca aacgtcatgc 240 agaccttcac cttctatgcg agtgaagaca agctggagaa caggggcaac tatgtcttag 300 agaagatatc tgggcaggaa gtcaatgaag ctgcttgcga catcgcccga caagtggctg 360 atgaaggaga tgctttggta gcaggaggag tgagtcagac accttcatac cttagctgca 420 agagtgaaac tgaagtcaaa aaagtatttc tgcaacagtt agaggtcttt atgaagaaga 480 acgtggactt cttgattgca gagtattttg aacacgttga agaagctgtg tgggcagttg 540 aaaccttgat agcatccggt aaacctgtgg cagcaaccat gtgcattggc ccagaaggag 600 atttgcatgg cgtgcccccc ggcgagtgtg cagtgcgcct ggtgaaagca ggagcatcca 660 tcattggtgt gaactgccac tttgacccca ccattagttt aaaaacagtg aagctcatga 720 aggagggctt ggaggctgcc caactgaaag ctcacctgat gagccagccc ttggcttacc 780 acactcctga ctgcaacaag cagggattca tcgatctccc agaattccca tttggactgg 840 aacccagagt tgccaccaga tgggatattc aaaaatacgc cagagaggcc tacaacctgg 900 gggtcaggta cattggcggg tgctgtggat ttgagcccta ccacatcagg gcaattgcag 960 aggagctggc cccagaaagg ggctttttgc caccagcttc agaaaaacat ggcagctggg 1020 gaagtggttt ggacatgcac accaaaccct gggttagagc aagggccagg aaggaatact 1080 gggagaatct tcggatagcc tcaggccggc catacaaccc ttcaatgtca aagccagatg 1140 gctggggagt gaccaaagga acagccgagc tgatgcagca gaaagaagcc acaactgagc 1200 agcagctgaa agagctcttt gaaaaacaaa aattcaaatc acagtagcct cgatagaagc 1260 tatttttgat gaatttctag gtgtttgggt cacagttcct acaaatacgg aaaagggggt 1320 taaaaagcag tgctttcatg aatgccatcc tacacatatt attgctatta cctgaacaaa 1380 atagaattac aaatagcact tgataatttt aaagtatgtt ttagaaattt tcttaggagc 1440 aaaataagta caaagtaaat cttgaacagg ttcactaagc acccaccctg tgaaaagtat 1500 tatggaaatc actgcagcac aggaaaagta attcagatgt taatgccact tgaagaagtt 1560 ggtaggctag caaagaggat gagacatgaa ctgtcataaa ggactcagca accagccagg 1620 gacagataaa gcgctatgga aaggggcttc caagttcttt tgaacatgac ccttagtaac 1680 aaacacaatt tatataatga cccagcaaaa cacatcacat cttactgtcg aaattaaatg 1740 tgtgatccat cctagtattt tctgttccat tccttttcat tctatttcat ttataaaaca 1800 tgctagttga gacttttcaa atggattttt atgacccact actgggtttg gatccacagt 1860 ttgaaaaata ttgctacaag acacttaagg agaccatcct gtttaagttt attcttataa 1920 gtaggtcagt catatgagac ctgatcaata aatatccaat acccagagtc ctgctctcag 1980 agttcttctg tttcgtgacc cacttttcta ccagtaaaag acatagacca atggggagga 2040 ggggaggaga gatggatatt tcagccctct ccatcctagt caacactgga tccacctagt 2100 gcctctgggc cataaggctg agcagagtga gcttgtatta gttggtagct tttaaaaaat 2160 ataataaaaa aaaagtagag attctccaaa ctctagcctg gtttcctaga ttgagaacta 2220 tgatattttt ctctgataat ttaatatcta ctctcctaca aaagctcaag cctgaagata 2280 caagactatt agaagaaaca tgactaccct cagtgtatta gaaaagaggt catgcagctt 2340 tctaaacatt attgaattgt ttgagctgtt ttgaaattgt aattcttttc agctattaaa 2400 aagaagagca atgagaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 2436 28 1326 DNA Homo sapiens 28 ttcttttcct ctcttcttct ttcgcggttc agcatgcagg aaaaagacgc ctcctcacaa 60 ggtttcctgc cacacttcca acatttcgcc acgcaggcga tccatgtggg ccaggatccg 120 gagcaatgga cctccagggc tgtagtgccc cccatctcac tgtccaccac gttcaagcaa 180 ggggcgcctg gccagcactc gggttttgaa tatagccgtt ctggaaatcc cactaggaat 240 tgccttgaaa aagcagtggc agcactggat ggggctaagt actgtttggc ctttgcttca 300 ggtttagcag ccactgtaac tattacccat cttttaaaag caggagacca aattatttgt 360 atggatgatg tgtatggagg tacaaacagg tacttcaggc aagtggcatc tgaatttgga 420 ttaaagattt cttttgttga ttgttccaaa atcaaattac tagaggcagc aattacacca 480 gaaaccaagc ttgtttggat cgaaaccccc acaaacccca cccagaaggt gattgacatt 540 gaaggctgtg cacatattgt ccataagcat ggagacatta ttttggtcgt ggataacact 600 tttatgtcac catatttcca gcgccctttg gctctgggag ctgatatttc tatgtattct 660 gcaacaaaat acatgaatgg ccacagtgat gttgtaatgg gcctggtgtc tgttaattgt 720 gaaagccttc ataatagact tcgtttcttg caaaactctc ttggagcagt tccatctcct 780 attgattgtt acctctgcaa tcgaggtctg aagactctac atgtccgaat ggaaaagcat 840 ttcaaaaacg gaatggcagt tgcccagttc ctggaatcta atccttgggt agaaaaggtt 900 atttatcctg ggctgccctc tcatccacag catgagttgg tgaagcgtca gtgtacaggt 960 tgtacaggga tggtcacctt ttatattaag ggcactcttc agcatgctga gattttcctc 1020 aagaacctaa agctatttac tctggccgag agcttgggag gattcgaaag ccttgctgag 1080 cttccggcaa tcatgactca tgcatcagtt cttaagaatg acagagatgt ccttggaatt 1140 agtgacacac tgattcgact ttctgtgggc ttagaggatg aggaagacct actggaagat 1200 ctagatcaag ctttgaaggc agcacaccct ccaagtggaa ttcacagcta gtattccaga 1260 gctgctatta gaagctgctt cctgtgaaga tcaatcttcc tgagtaatta atggaccaac 1320 aatgag 1326 29 49 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequencePCR product 29 cccacggtcg gggtacctgg gcgggacgcg ccaggccgac tcccggcga 49 30 3464 DNA Homo sapiens 30 tttaatggac acataattta attatatatt ttttcttaca gatacccagg tgttctctct 60 gatgtccagg aggagaaagg cattaagtac aaatttgaag tatatgagaa gaatgattaa 120 tatgaaggtg ttttctagtt taagttgttc cccctccctc tgaaaaaagt atgtattttt 180 acattagaaa aggttttttg ttgactttag atctataatt atttctaagc aactagtttt 240 tattccccac tactcttgtc tctatcagat accatttatg agacattctt gctataacta 300 agtgcttctc caagacccca actgagtccc cagcacctgc tacagtgagc tgccattcca 360 cacccatcac atgtggcact cttgccagtc cttgacattg tcgggctttt cacatgttgg 420 taatatttat taaagatgaa gatccacata cccttcaact gagcagtttc actagtggaa 480 ataccaaaag cttcctacgt gtatatccag aggtttgtag ataaatgttg ccaccttgtt 540 tgtaacagtg aaaaattgaa aacaacctgg aagtccagtg atgggaaaat gagtatgttt 600 ctgtcttaga ttggggaacc caaagcagat tgcaagactg aaatttcagt gaaagcagtg 660 tatttgctag gtcataccag aaatcatcaa ttgaggtacg gagaaactga actgagaagg 720 taagaaaagc aatttaaagt cagcgagcag gttctcattg ataacaagct ccatactgct 780 gagatacagg gaaatggagg ggggaaagct ggagtattga tcccgccccc ctccttggtt 840 gtcagctccc tgtcctgtgt gtgggcggaa catagtccag ctgctctata gcaagtctca 900 ggtgtttgca gtaagaagct gctggcatgc acgggaacag tgaatgccaa acacttaaag 960 caattcgatg tttaagtatg taagttcttt tttttttaga cagcgtttcg ctcttgttgc 1020 ccaggctagc atgcaatggt gtgacctcgg cttactgcaa cctccgcctt cccagattca 1080 agcgattctc ctgcctcagg ctcccaagta gctaggacca ggtgcgcgcc accacgcccg 1140 gctaattttt gtattttgta tttttagtag agatggggtt tcaccatgtt ggtcaggcta 1200 gtctcgaact cgtgaccgca agcgattcac ccacctcagc ctcccaaagt gctgggatta 1260 ccggcttgag ccaccacacc cggcacatct tcattctttt tatgtagtaa aaagtataag 1320 gccacacatg gtttatttga agtattttat aatttaaaaa aatacagaag caggaaaacc 1380 aattataagt tcaagtgagg gatgatggtt gcttgaacca aagggttgca tgtagtaaga 1440 aattgtgatt taagatatat tttaaagtta taagtagcag gatattctga tggagtttga 1500 ctttggtttt gggcccaggg agtttcagat gcctttgaga aatgaatgaa gtagagagaa 1560 aataaaagaa aaaccagcca ggcacagtgg ctcacacctg taatcccagc gctttgggag 1620 gctaaggcag gcagatcact tgagaccagc ttgggcaaca tggcaaagcc ccatctctac 1680 aaaaaacaca aaaattagct gggcattgtg gcgcacacct gtattcccat ctagtcagga 1740 agctgagatg gaagaattaa ttgagcccac gagttcaagg ctgcagtgag tcgtgattgt 1800 gccactgcac tccagccggg gtgacagaag agaccttgtc tcgaaaacga atctgaaaac 1860 aatggaacca tgccttcata attctagaaa gttattttca actgataaat ctatattcac 1920 ccaaataatc aagggtgaag gtaaaataat acatttttag acaagcaaag actcaggggt 1980 tacctccatg tgcccttttt agggaagctg ttggagaaaa tactccagca aaatgaagga 2040 gtacacaaac cagagaatga catgaatcca gcaaatagga tccaacacag gcaatattcc 2100 agctatggag ctagctttaa aaaggaacag taaaaatatt aatcggttag ctgggtggaa 2160 tggcccatgc ctgtagtccc agctactcag gaggctcagc agcaggacga cttgagccca 2220 agagttccag accagcctgg ccaccttagt gagatccctt ctcttaaaaa taataactta 2280 ttgccagatt tggggcattt ggaaagaagt tcattgaaga taaagcaaaa gtaaaaaaaa 2340 aaaaaaaaaa aacaagggga aagggttggt taggcaatca ttctagggca gaaagaagta 2400 caggatagga agagcataat acactgtttt tctcaacaag gagcagtatg tacacagtca 2460 taatgatgtg actgcttagc ccctaaatat ggtaactact ctgggacaat atgggaggaa 2520 aagtgaagat tgtgatggtg taagagctaa tcctcatctg tcatatccag aaatcactat 2580 ataatatata ataatgaaat gactaagtta tgtgaggaaa aaaacagaag acattgctaa 2640 aagagttaaa agtcattgct ctggagaatt aggagggatg gggcagggga ctgttaggat 2700 gcattataaa ctgaaaagcc tttttaaaat tttatgtatt aatatatgca ttcacttgaa 2760 aaactaaaaa aaaacaataa tttggaaaaa cccatgaagg taactaacgg aaggaaaaac 2820 taagagaatg aaaagtattt gcctctggaa agaacaactg gcaggactgt tgttttcatt 2880 gtaagacttt tggagccatt taattgtact taaccatttt catctatttc tttaataaga 2940 acaattccat cttaataaag agttacactt gttaataagt gctggcctcc tgttgttctt 3000 tgtacacccc acacaaaatt tcaaagaaac tttgatggca atatatctcc atggtcagct 3060 taaaaataga gaaaggaaaa catagaatta gccaagagtc acacaaaaca aagatcagtt 3120 gtttgttagg aaacaatcaa aatcaagtct cactttttcc agattggctt atggaacagc 3180 actgtaaggt gataacttgg ggcaaacatg taaataataa aacatatgtt ttaaatattc 3240 aggttagcac attttatgtt tctgtgagat taaaattgtg tgtgacatac ccgcttcctt 3300 aaaggcaatg tttctgaaaa tgttgtacct gctattcctg aatcagggat gggtcccaga 3360 atctgccttt taaacatctc agataatctg aagcctgctt aagtttgtaa ggcactgctt 3420 ttgcactcta aggaagaaaa aaacaagttt taattcccgt ctct 3464 31 1584 DNA Homo sapiens 31 cggggcagct ctgaggaaca aggtggaagc tcagagcgct ggtctccacc ctggtgcccc 60 tgggctggtg ctggcagtgg gagccgtggc tgtggatgag agacatagac gagagagtga 120 gatggcctgg tttgccctct acctcctgag ccttctctgg gctacagctg ggactagtac 180 ccagacccag agttcatgct ccgttccctc agcacaggag cccttggtca atggaataca 240 agtactcatg gagaactcgg tgacttcatc agcctaccca aaccccagca tcctgattgc 300 catgaatctg gccggagcct acaacttgaa ggcccagaag ctcctgactt accagctcat 360 gtccagcgac aacaacgatc taaccattgg gcacctcggc ctcaccatca tggccctcac 420 ctcctcctgc cgagaccctg gggataaagt atccattcta caaagacaaa tggagaactg 480 ggcaccttcc agccccaacg ctgaagcatc agccttctat gggcccagtc tagcgatctt 540 ggcactgtgc cagaagaact ctgaggcgac cttgccgata gccgtccgct ttgccaagac 600 cctgctggcc aactcctctc ccttcaatgt agacacagga gcaatggcaa ccttggctct 660 gacctgtatg tacaacaaga tccctgtagg ttcagaggaa ggttacagat ccctgtttgg 720 tcaggtacta aaggatattg tggagaaaat cagcatgaag atcaaagata atggcatcat 780 tggagacatc tacagtactg gcctcgccat gcaggctctc tctgtaacac ctgagccatc 840 taaaaaggaa tggaactgca agaagactac ggatatgata ctcaatgaga ttaagcaggg 900 gaaattccac aaccccatgt ccattgctca aatcctccct tccctgaaag gcaagacata 960 cctagatgtg ccccaggtca cttgtagtcc tgatcatgag gtacaaccaa ctctacccag 1020 caaccctggc cctggcccca cctctgcatc taacatcact gtcatataca ccataaataa 1080 ccagctgagg ggggttgagc tgctcttcaa cgagaccatc aatgttagtg tgaaaagtgg 1140 gtcagtgtta cttgttgtcc tagaggaagc acagcgcaaa aatcctatgt tcaaatttga 1200 aaccacaatg acatcttggg gccttgtcgt ctcttctatc aacaatatcg cggaaaatgt 1260 taatcacaag acatactggc agtttcttag tggtgtaaca cctttgaatg aaggggttgc 1320 tgactacata cccttcaacc acgagcacat cacagccaat ttcacacagt actaacgaag 1380 aggtgggttc agcttctatc aaacatctcc aaaggatggg tgaaattttt tccacttcat 1440 tttaaatcta tgcaaaaaag cgaatgcctg tgatgctacc atattcctgg taaaaacatg 1500 gagaaccact atgtagaata aaaatgcaaa gttcactgga gtctcaacat ctatgactca 1560 tgaaaataaa attttcatct tctc 1584 32 1537 DNA Homo sapiens 32 gctctcatta ccttctgccc atcacttaat aaatagccag ccaattcatc aacattctgg 60 tacactgttg gagagatgag acagtcacac cagctgcccc tagtggggct cttactgttt 120 tcttttattc caagccaact atgcgagatt tgtgaggtaa gtgaagaaaa ctacatccgc 180 ctaaaacctc tgttgaatac aatgatccag tcaaactata acaggggaac cagcgctgtc 240 aatgttgtgt tgtccctcaa acttgttgga atccagatcc aaaccctgat gcaaaagatg 300 atccaacaaa tcaaatacaa tgtgaaaagc agattgtcag atgtaagctc gggagagctt 360 gccttgatta tactggcttt gggagtatgt cgtaacgctg aggaaaactt aatatatgat 420 taccacctga ctgacaagct agaaaataaa ttccaagcag aaattgaaaa tatggaagca 480 cacaatggca ctcccctgac taactactac cagctcagcc tggacgtttt ggccttgtgt 540 ctgttcaatg ggaactactc aaccgccgaa gttgtcaacc acttcactcc tgaaaataaa 600 aactattatt ttggtagcca gttctcagta gatactggtg caatggctgt cctggctctg 660 acctgtgtga agaagagtct aataaatggg cagatcaaag cagatgaagg cagtttaaag 720 aacatcagta tttatacaaa gtcactggta gaaaagattc tgtctgagaa aaaagaaaat 780 ggtctcattg gaaacacatt tagcacagga gaagccatgc aggccctctt tgtatcatca 840 gactattata atgaaaatga ctggaattgc caacaaactc tgaatacagt gctcacggaa 900 atttctcaag gagcattcag taatccaaac gctgcagccc aggtcttacc tgccctgatg 960 ggaaagacct tcttggatat taacaaagac tcttcttgcg tctctgcttc aggtaacttc 1020 aacatctccg ctgatgagcc tataactgtg acacctcctg actcacaatc atatatctcc 1080 gtcaattact ctgtgagaat caatgaaaca tatttcacca atgtcactgt gctaaatggt 1140 tctgtcttcc tcagtgtgat ggagaaagcc cagaaaatga atgatactat atttggtttc 1200 acaatggagg agcgctcatg ggggccctat atcacctgta ttcagggcct atgtgccaac 1260 aataatgaca gaacctactg ggaacttctg agtggaggcg aaccactgag ccaaggagct 1320 ggtagttacg ttgtccgcaa tggagaaaac ttggaggttc gctggagcaa atactaataa 1380 gcccaaactt tcctcagctg cataaaatcc atttgcagtg gagttccatg tttattgtcc 1440 ttatgccttc ttcttcattt atcccagtac gagcaggaga gttaataacc tccccttctc 1500 tctctacatg ttcaataaaa gttgttgaaa gattaac 1537 33 1866 DNA Homo sapiens 33 ccgattcttg ctcactgctc acccacctgc tgctgccatg aggcaccttg gggccttcct 60 cttccttctg ggggtcctgg gggccctcac tgagatgtgt gaaataccag agatggacag 120 ccatctggta gagaagttgg gccagcacct cttaccttgg atggaccggc tttccctgga 180 gcacttgaac cccagcatct atgtgggcct acgcctctcc agtctgcagg ctgggaccaa 240 ggaagacctc tacctgcaca gcctcaagct tggttaccag cagtgcctcc tagggtctgc 300 cttcagcgag gatgacggtg actgccaggg caagccttcc atgggccagc tggccctcta 360 cctgctcgct ctcagagcca actgtgagtt tgtcaggggc cacaaggggg acaggctggt 420 ctcacagctc aaatggttcc tggaggatga gaagagagcc attgggcatg atcacaaggg 480 ccacccccac actagctact accagtatgg cctgggcatt ctggccctgt gtctccacca 540 gaagcgggtc catgacagcg tggtggacaa acttctgtat gctgtggaac ctttccacca 600 gggccaccat tctgtggaca cagcagccat ggcaggcttg gcattcacct gtctgaagcg 660 ctcaaacttc aaccctggtc ggagacaacg gatcaccatg gccatcagaa cagtgcgaga 720 ggagatcttg aaggcccaga cccccgaggg ccactttggg aatgtctaca gcaccccatt 780 ggcattacag ttcctcatga cttcccccat gcctggggca gaactgggaa cagcatgtct 840 caaggcgagg gttgctttgc tggccagtct gcaggatgga gccttccaga atgctctcat 900 gatttcccag ctgctgcccg ttctgaacca caagacctac attgatctga tcttcccaga 960 ctgtctggca ccacgagtca tgttggaacc agctgctgag accattcctc agacccaaga 1020 gatcatcagt gtcacgctgc aggtgcttag tctcttgccg ccgtacagac agtccatctc 1080 tgttctggcc gggtccaccg tggaagatgt cctgaagaag gcccatgagt taggaggatt 1140 cacatatgaa acacaggcct cctcgtcagg cccctactta acctccgtga tggggaaagc 1200 ggccggagaa agggagttct ggcagcttct ccgagacccc aacaccccac tgttgcaagg 1260 tattgctgac tacagaccca aggatggaga aaccattgag ctgaggctgg ttagctggta 1320 gcccctgagc tccctcatcc cagcagcctc gcacactccc taggcttcta ccctccctcc 1380 tgatgtccct ggaacaggaa ctcgcctgac cctgctgcca cctcctgtgc actttgagca 1440 atgccccctg ggatcacccc agccacaagc ccttcgaggg ccctatacca tggcccacct 1500 tggagcagag agccaagcat cttccctggg aagtctttct ggccaagtct ggccagcctg 1560 gccctgcagg tctcccatga aggccacccc atggtctgat gggcatgaag catctcagac 1620 tccttggcaa aaaacggagt ccgcaggccg caggtgttgt gaagaccact cgttctgtgg 1680 ttggggtcct gcaagaaggc ctcctcagcc cgggggctat ggccctgacc ccagctctcc 1740 actctgctgt tagagtggca gctctgagct ggttgtggca cagtagctgg ggagacctca 1800 gcagggctgc tcagtgcctg cctctgacaa aattaaagca ttgatggcct gtggacctgc 1860 aaaaaa 1866 34 2798 DNA Homo sapiens 34 gccctctccc acagcggagt ccaaaacagg cctaccagtc agttcttatt tctattgggt 60 gtttccatgc tccaccatgt taagagctaa gaatcagctt tttttacttt cacctcatta 120 cctgaggcag gtaaaagaat catcaggctc caggctcata cagcaacgac ttctacacca 180 gcaacagccc cttcacccag aatgggctgc cctggctaaa aagcagctga aaggcaaaaa 240 cccagaagac ctaatatggc acaccccgga agggatctct ataaaaccct tgtattccaa 300 gagagatact atggacttac ctgaagaact tccaggagtg aagccattca cacgtggacc 360 atatcctacc atgtatacct ttaggccctg gaccatccgc cagtatgctg gttttagtac 420 tgtggaagaa agcaataagt tctataagga caacattaag gctggtcagc agggattatc 480 agttgccttt gatctggcga cacatcgtgg ctatgattca gacaaccctc gagttcgtgg 540 tgatgttgga atggctggag ttgctattga cactgtggaa gataccaaaa ttctttttga 600 tggaattcct ttagaaaaaa tgtcagtttc catgactatg aatggagcag ttattccagt 660 tcttgcaaat tttatagtaa ctggagaaga acaaggtgta cctaaagaga aacttactgg 720 taccatccaa aatgatatac taaaggaatt tatggttcga aatacataca tttttcctcc 780 agaaccatcc atgaaaatta ttgctgacat atttgaatat acagcaaagc acatgccaaa 840 atttaattca atttcaatta gtggatacca tatgcaggaa gcaggggctg atgccattct 900 ggagctggcc tatactttag cagatggatt ggagtactct agaactggac tccaggctgg 960 cctgacaatt gatgaatttg caccaaggtt gtctttcttc tggggaattg gaatgaattt 1020 ctatatggaa atagcaaaga tgagagctgg tagaagactc tgggctcact taatagagaa 1080 aatgtttcag cctaaaaact caaaatctct tcttctaaga gcacactgtc agacatctgg 1140 atggtcactt actgagcagg atccctacaa taatattgtc cgtactgcaa tagaagcaat 1200 ggcagcagta tttggaggga ctcagtcttt gcacacaaat tcttttgatg aagctttggg 1260 tttgccaact gtgaaaagtg ctcgaattgc caggaacaca caaatcatca ttcaagaaga 1320 atctgggatt cccaaagtgg ctgatccttg gggaggttct tacatgatgg aatgtctcac 1380 aaatgatgtt tatgatgctg ctttaaagct cattaatgaa attgaagaaa tgggtggaat 1440 ggccaaagct gtagctgagg gaatacctaa acttcgaatt gaagaatgtg ctgcccgaag 1500 acaagctaga atagattctg gttctgaagt aattgttgga gtaaataagt accagttgga 1560 aaaagaagac gctgtagaag ttctggcaat tgataatact tcagtgcgaa acaggcagat 1620 tgaaaaactt aagaagatca aatccagcag ggatcaagct ttggctgaac attgtcttgc 1680 tgcactaacc gaatgtgctg ctagcggaga tggaaatatc ctggctcttg cagtggatgc 1740 atctcgggca agatgtacag tgggagaaat cacagatgcc ctgaaaaagg tatttggtga 1800 acataaagcg aatgatcgaa tggtgagtgg agcatatcgc caggaatttg gagaaagtaa 1860 agagataaca tctgctatca agagggttca taaattcatg gaacgtgaag gtcgcagacc 1920 tcgtcttctt gtagcaaaaa tgggacaaga tggccatgac agaggagcaa aagttattgc 1980 tacaggattt gctgatcttg gttttgatgt ggacataggc cctcttttcc agactcctcg 2040 tgaagtggcc cagcaggctg tggatgcgga tgtgcatgct gtgggcgtaa gcaccctcgc 2100 tgctggtcat aaaaccctag ttcctgaact catcaaagaa cttaactccc ttggacggcc 2160 agatattctt gtcatgtgtg gaggggtgat accacctcag gattatgaat ttctgtttga 2220 agttggtgtt tccaatgtat ttggtcctgg gactcgaatt ccaaaggctg ccgttcaggt 2280 gcttgatgat attgagaagt gtttggaaaa gaagcagcaa tctgtataat atcctctttt 2340 tgttttagct tttgtctaaa atattatttt agttatgatc aaagaagaga gtaaagctat 2400 gtcttcaatt taatttcaat acctgatttg tactttcctt gaaagcttta ctttaaaata 2460 ccttacttat aggcctggtg tcatgctata agtatgtaca tacagtttca cttcaaaaat 2520 aaaaaaaaat ccctaaaaac tctctatact ctctataaca atactttatc aagaactctg 2580 gacaatggta ttatttttaa aaatcatggt gatgtattta ttagaatgtt tcttataaat 2640 ctctttcatt tttatattaa gaattaaact gtacctaaaa aaactctgac tattcccatt 2700 tctcagttta gcattacatt gtcttgagca ccagaaaata aaatccatat attaattaaa 2760 acctatcttg aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaa 2798 35 1637 DNA Homo sapiens 35 aagaactggc ctgtacattt tcaaggaatt cttgagaggt tcttggagag attctgggag 60 ccaaacactc cattgggatc ctagctgttt tagagaacaa cttgtaatgg agccttcatc 120 tcttgagctg ccggctgaca cagtgcagcg cattgcggct gaactcaaat gccacccaac 180 ggatgagagg gtggctctcc acctagatga ggaagataag ctgaggcact tcagggagtg 240 cttttatatt cccaaaatac aggatctgcc tccagttgat ttatcattag tgaataaaga 300 tgaaaatgcc atctatttct tgggaaattc tcttggcctt caaccaaaaa tggttaaaac 360 atatcttgaa gaagaactag ataagtgggc caaaatagca gcctatggtc atgaagtggg 420 gaagcgtcct tggattacag gagatgagag tattgtaggc cttatgaagg acattgtagg 480 agccaatgag aaagaaatag ccctaatgaa tgctttgact gtaaatttac atcttctaat 540 gttatcattt tttaagccta cgccaaaacg atataaaatt cttctagaag ccaaagcctt 600 cccttctgat cattatgcta ttgagtcaca actacaactt cacggactta acattgaaga 660 aagtatgcgg atgataaagc caagagaggg ggaagaaacc ttaagaatag aggatatcct 720 tgaagtaatt gagaaggaag gagactcaat tgcagtgatc ctgttcagtg gggtgcattt 780 ttacactgga cagcacttta atattcctgc catcacaaaa gctggacaag cgaagggttg 840 ttatgttggc tttgatctag cacatgcagt tggaaatgtt gaactctact tacatgactg 900 gggagttgat tttgcctgct ggtgttccta caagtattta aatgcaggag caggaggaat 960 tgctggtgcc ttcattcatg aaaagcatgc ccatacgatt aaacctgcat tagtgggatg 1020 gtttggccat gaactcagca ccagatttaa gatggataac aaactgcagt taatccctgg 1080 ggtctgtgga ttccgaattt caaatcctcc cattttgttg gtctgttcct tgcatgctag 1140 tttagagatc tttaagcaag cgacaatgaa ggcattgcgg aaaaaatctg ttttgctaac 1200 tggctatctg gaatacctga tcaagcataa ctatggcaaa gataaagcag caaccaagaa 1260 accagttgtg aacataatta ctccgtctca tgtagaggag cgggggtgcc agctaacaat 1320 aacattttct gttccaaaca aagatgtttt ccaagaacta gaaaaaagag gagtggtttg 1380 tgacaagcgg aatccaaatg gcattcgagt ggctccagtt cctctctata attctttcca 1440 tgatgtttat aaatttacca atctgctcac ttctatactt gactctgcag aaacaaaaaa 1500 ttagcagtgt tttctagaac aacttaagca aattatactg aaagctgctg tggttatttc 1560 agtattattc gatttttaat tattgaaagt atgtcaccat tgaccacatg taactaacaa 1620 taaataatat accttac 1637 36 1908 DNA Homo sapiens 36 gaattcatga aaacgtagct cgtcctcaaa aaaaacagaa gaggagtaat cattttaagg 60 gagaaatata tacgaaagga acaagatttt gaagcaccca agctgccacc tacattaaaa 120 cacggtaggt ggctaaacac cagtcttcaa tgcccttcca cagcctcagt ctgaaaaata 180 ctgtgcaggt gacccaagtg aggggtcacc cttgggcttt tcctgtggca gtatctctgg 240 tttaaaaaca aacaaacgta cttattgcgt tgaaggacgg caacaggaag gactccatga 300 ttagtcacat ctataccatc ctaagaaact ttatccaccc aaactgtatt tcagacttta 360 taatctaaac tacaaaaagt gttcactggg gaactgcaca atatgactgc ttttaaccgt 420 agtgatttca aatattgagc catgctgttg cagtcttaaa aactggagac ctaagggcag 480 ctttcttcta gtcacccaat ccagcacttt tttaaaaaat cagtaaaact cttcgaccac 540 caaggaaaaa aaaaaaggat ggaggttaaa agacgcaccc cttgcccaca agccccctca 600 tcagaatggg agtcaggaga cctgagttcc tgtctcaggc ctgccattaa aaacctgcat 660 aacctttgcc tatctcctca aacggaagta ctaaaacctc agcgcttcac ccaatttgta 720 gccccggctg ggctcttccc accttcccct tcttcagccc gccccttcct cctccagccc 780 tatcatcggg cggagggtcc ccgcctccgc ccgccttacc cacaagcccc gcccccccag 840 ccccgatggc cctgcccagt cccagacaga acctactacg tgcggcggca gctggggcgg 900 gaaggcgggc gctgggggcg ctgcggccgc tgcagcgcag ggtccacctg gtcggctgca 960 cctgtggagg aggaggtgga tttcaggctt cccgtagact ggaagaatcg gctcaaaacc 1020 gcttgcctcg caggggctga gctggaggca gcgaggccgc ccgacgcagg cttccggcga 1080 gacatggcag ggcaaggatg gcagcccggc ggcagggccc ggcgaggagc gcgaacccgc 1140 ggccgcagtt cccaggcgtc tgcgggcgcg agcacgccgc gaccctgcgt gcgccggggc 1200 gggggggcgg ggcctcgcct gcacaaatag ggacgagggg gcggggcggc cacaatttcg 1260 cgccaaactt gaccgcgcgt tctgctgtaa cgagcgggct cggaggtcct cccgctgctg 1320 tcatggttgg ttcgctaaac tgcatcgtcg ctgtgtccca gaacatgggc atcggcaaga 1380 acggggacct gccctggcca ccgctcaggt atctgccggg ccggggcgat gggacccaaa 1440 cgggcgcagg ctgcccacgg tcggggtacc tgggcgggac gcgccggccg actcccggcg 1500 agaggatggg gccagacttg cggtctgcgc tggcaggaag ggtgggcccg actggattcc 1560 ccttttctgc tgcgcgggag gcccagttgc tgatttctgc ccggattctg ctgcccggtg 1620 aggtcttgcc ctgcggcgcc ctcgcccagg gcaaagtccc agccctggag aaaacacctc 1680 acccctaccc acagcgctcc gtttgtcagg tgccttagag ctcgagccca agggataatg 1740 tttcgagtaa cgctgtttct ctaacttgta ggaatgaatt cagatatttc cagagaatga 1800 ccacaacctc ttcagtagaa ggtaatgtgg gattaagtag ggtcttgctt gatgaagttt 1860 accagtgcaa atgttagtta aatggaaagt tttccgtgtt aatctggg 1908 37 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequenceprimer 37 cccacggtcg gggtggccga ctcccggcga 30 38 21 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequenceprimer 38 ctaaactgca tcgtcgctgt g 21 39 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequenceprimer 39 aaaaggggaa tccagtcgg 19 40 19 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequencePCR product 40 acctgggcgg gacgcgcca 19 41 1275 DNA Homo sapiens 41 ctgcagcgcc agggtccacc tggtcggctg cacctgtgga ggaggaggtg gatttcaggc 60 ttcccgtaga ctggaagaat cggctcaaaa ccgcttgcct cgcaggggct gagctggagg 120 cagcgaggcc gcccgacgca ggcttccggc gagacatggc agggcaagga tggcagcccg 180 gcggcagggc ccggcgagga gcgcgaaccc gcggccgcag ttcccaggcg tctgcgggcg 240 cgagcacgcc gcgaccctgc gtgcgccggg gcgggggggc ggggcctcgc ctgcacaaat 300 agggacgagg gggcggggcg gccacaattt cgcgccaaac ttgaccgcgc gttctgctgt 360 aacgagcggg ctcggaggtc ctcccgctgc tgtcatggtt ggttcgctaa actgcatcgt 420 cgctgtgtcc cagaacatgg gcatcggcaa gaacggggac ctgccctggc caccgctcag 480 gtatctgccg ggccggggcg atgggaccca aacgggcgca ggctgcccac ggtcggggta 540 cctgggcggg acgcgccagg ccgactcccg gcgagaggat ggggccagac ttgcggtctg 600 cgctggcagg aagggtgggc ccgactggat tccccttttc tgctgcgcgg gaggcccagt 660 tgctgatttc tgcccggatt ctgctgcccg gtgaggtctt tgccctgcgg cgccctcgcc 720 cagggcaaag tcccagccct ggagaaaaca cctcacccct acccacagcg ctccgtttgt 780 caggtgcctt agagctcgag cccaagggat aatgtttcga gtaacgctgt ttctctaact 840 tgtaggaatg aattcagata tttccagaga atgaccacaa cctcttcagt agaaggtaat 900 gtgggattaa gtagggtctt gcttgatgaa gtttaccagt gcaaatgtta gttaaatgga 960 aagttttccg tgttaatctg ggaccttttc tcttattatg gatctgtatg atctgtatgc 1020 agttcccaag gttcatttac cattattaaa aaatttttgt cttagaaatt ttatgtatgt 1080 caacgcacga gcaaattatc aggcatgggg cagaattggc aactgggtgg aggcttcggt 1140 ggaggttagc actccgaaag gaaaacagag taggcctttg gaacagctgc tggaagagat 1200 aaggcctgaa caagggcagt ggagaagaga gggtaaaaat tttttaaggt tacatgaccc 1260 tggattttgg agatc 1275 42 1256 DNA Homo sapiens 42 ctgcagcgcc agggtccacc tggtcggctg cacctgtgga ggaggaggtg gatttcaggc 60 ttcccgtaga ctggaagaat cggctcaaaa ccgcttgcct cgcaggggct gagctggagg 120 cagcgaggcc gcccgacgca ggcttccggc gagacatggc agggcaagga tggcagcccg 180 gcggcagggc ccggcgagga gcgcgaaccc gcggccgcag ttcccaggcg tctgcgggcg 240 cgagcacgcc gcgaccctgc gtgcgccggg gcgggggggc ggggcctcgc ctgcacaaat 300 agggacgagg gggcggggcg gccacaattt cgcgccaaac ttgaccgcgc gttctgctgt 360 aacgagcggg ctcggaggtc ctcccgctgc tgtcatggtt ggttcgctaa actgcatcgt 420 cgctgtgtcc cagaacatgg gcatcggcaa gaacggggac ctgccctggc caccgctcag 480 gtatctgccg ggccggggcg atgggaccca aacgggcgca ggctgcccac ggtcggggtg 540 gccgactccc ggcgagagga tggggccaga cttgcggtct gcgctggcag gaagggtggg 600 cccgactgga ttcccctttt ctgctgcgcg ggaggcccag ttgctgattt ctgcccggat 660 tctgctgccc ggtgaggtct ttgccctgcg gcgccctcgc ccagggcaaa gtcccagccc 720 tggagaaaac acctcacccc tacccacagc gctccgtttg tcaggtgcct tagagctcga 780 gcccaaggga taatgtttcg agtaacgctg tttctctaac ttgtaggaat gaattcagat 840 atttccagag aatgaccaca acctcttcag tagaaggtaa tgtgggatta agtagggtct 900 tgcttgatga agtttaccag tgcaaatgtt agttaaatgg aaagttttcc gtgttaatct 960 gggacctttt ctcttattat ggatctgtat gatctgtatg cagttcccaa ggttcattta 1020 ccattattaa aaaatttttg tcttagaaat tttatgtatg tcaacgcacg agcaaattat 1080 caggcatggg gcagaattgg caactgggtg gaggcttcgg tggaggttag cactccgaaa 1140 ggaaaacaga gtaggccttt ggaacagctg ctggaagaga taaggcctga acaagggcag 1200 tggagaagag agggtaaaaa ttttttaagg ttacatgacc ctggattttg gagatc 1256 43 55 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequencePCR product 43 gctgcccacg gtcggggtac ctgggcggga cgcgccaggc cgactcccgg cgaga 55 44 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequencePCR product 44 gctgcccacg gtcggggtgg ccgactcccg gcgaga 36 45 1273 DNA Homo sapiens 45 ctgcagcgca gggtccacct ggtcggctgc acctgtggag gaggaggtgg atttcaggct 60 tcccgtagac tggaagaatc ggctcaaaac cgcttgcctc gcaggggctg agctggaggc 120 agcgaggccg cccgacgcag gcttccggcg agacatggca gggcaaggat ggcagcccgg 180 cggcagggcc cggcgaggag cgcgaacccg cggccgcagt tcccaggcgt ctgcgggcgc 240 gagcacgccg cgaccctgcg tgcgccgggg cgggggggcg gggcctcgcc tgcacaaata 300 gggacgaggg ggcggggcgg ccacaatttc gcgccaaact tgaccgcgcg ttctgctgta 360 acgagcgggc tcggaggtcc tcccgctgct gtcatggttg gttcgctaaa ctgcatcgtc 420 gctgtgtccc agaacatggg catcggcaag aacggggacc tgccctggcc accgctcagg 480 tatctgccgg gccggggcga tgggacccaa acgggcgcag gctgcccacg gtcggggtac 540 ctgggcggga cgcgccggcc gactcccggc gagaggatgg ggccagactt gcggtctgcg 600 ctggcaggaa gggtgggccc gactggattc cccttttctg ctgcgcggga ggcccagttg 660 ctgatttctg cccggattct gctgcccggt gaggtctttg ccctgcggcg ccctcgccca 720 gggcaaagtc ccagccctgg agaaaacacc tcacccctac ccacagcgct ccgtttgtca 780 ggtgccttag agctcgagcc caagggataa tgtttcgagt aacgctgttt ctctaacttg 840 taggaatgaa ttcagatatt tccagagaat gaccacaacc tcttcagtag aaggtaatgt 900 gggattaagt agggtcttgc ttgatgaagt ttaccagtgc aaatgttagt taaatggaaa 960 gttttccgtg ttaatctggg accttttctc ttattatgga tctgtatgat ctgtatgcag 1020 ttcccaaggt tcatttacca ttattaaaaa atttttgtct tagaaatttt atgtatgtca 1080 acgcacgagc aaattatcag gcatggggca gaattggcaa ctgggtggag gcttcggtgg 1140 aggttagcac tccgaaagga aaacagagta ggcctttgga acagctgctg gaagagataa 1200 ggcctgaaca agggcagtgg agaagagagg gtaaaaattt tttaaggtta catgaccctg 1260 gattttggag atc 1273 46 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial SequencePCR product 46 acctgggcgg gacgcgcc 18 

We claim:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a human dihydiofolate reductase; said nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence having a 19 base-pair deletion spanning nucleoides 540 to 558 of tie nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41.
 2. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 1 that comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42.
 3. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 1. 4. A cell comprising the vectr or claim
 3. 5. A PCR primer comprising 10 nucleotides that can be used to distinguish SEQ ID NO:42 from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:41 and SEQ ID NO:45.
 6. The primer of claim 5 comprising 18 to 50 consecutive nucleotides.
 7. The PCR primer of claim 5 that comprises 12 to 100 consecutive nucleotides from a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41, the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO:42, the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO:45, and the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO:
 45. 8. The PCR primer of claim 7 wherein the 12 to 100 consecutive nucleotides are from nucleotides 350 to 530 of SEQ ID NO:41.
 9. The PCR primer of claim 8 having the nucleotide sequence of 5′-CTA AAC TGC ATC GTC GCT GTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:38).
 10. The PCR primer of claim 7 wlwherein the 12 to 100 consecutive nucleotides are from nucleotides 550 to 850 of the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO:41.
 11. The PCR pimer of claim 10 having the nucleotide sequence of 5′-AAA AGG GGA ATC CAG TCG G-3′ (SEQ ID NO:39).
 12. A nucleic acid that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence ACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCCA (SEQ ID NO:40) or a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:40; wherein said nucleic acid consists of 12 to 48 nucleotides; and wherein said nucleic acid does not hybridize to SEQ ID NO:42 or a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:42, when said hybridizing is performed under identical conditions.
 13. A nucleotide probe comprising 1 nucleotides that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, when said hybridizing is performed under identical conditions.
 14. The nucleotide probe of claim 13 that comprises 18 nucleotides.
 15. The nucleotide probe of claim 13 that comprises the nucleotide sequence of CCCACGGTCGGGGTGGCCGACTCCCGGCGA (SEQ ID NO.37).
 16. A nucleotide probe comprising 1 nucleotides that hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, but not to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, when said hybridizing is performed under identical conditions.
 17. The nucleotide probe of claim 16 that comprises 18 nucleotides.
 18. A nucleotide probe comprising 1 nucleotides that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, but not to the nucleoticle sequence of SEQ ID NO:42; when said hybridizing is performed under identical conditions.
 19. The nucleotide probe of claim 18 that comprises 18 nucleotides.
 20. The nucleotide probe of claim 18 that comprises the nucleotide sequence of CCCACGGTCGGGGTACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCCAGGCCGACTCCCGGCGA (SEQ ID NO:29).
 21. A nucleotide probe comprising 1 nucleotides that hybridizes to the complementary strand of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, but not to the complementary strand of the iiucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, when said hybridizing is performed under identical conditions.
 22. The nucleotide probe of claim 21 that comprises 18 nucleotides.
 23. A nucleic acid that hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence ACCTGGGCGGGACGCGCC (SEQ TD NO:46) or the complementary strand of SEQ ID NO:46; wherein said nucleic acid consists of 12 to 48 nucleotides; and wherein said nucleic acid does not hybridize to SEQ ID NO:42 or a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:42, when said hybridizing is perfozmed under identical conditions. 